Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
BMC Public Health. 2022 Apr 19;22(1):788. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13182-0.
This paper investigates trends in rape-related crimes against women and girls reported in the Indian administrative data from 2001 to 2018 to assess the burden of crime, describe sub-national variations, and highlight data gaps to address sexual violence effectively in India.
Data on five rape-related crimes were extracted from the annual reports of National Crimes Record Bureau (NCRB), and included assault with the intent to outrage modesty of woman, rape, insult to the modesty of women, attempt to commit rape, and murder with rape/gang-rape. Rates for all categories combined, and for each crime were estimated for women and girls for India and its states. Trends for type of offender for rape, mean number of people arrested, and legal status of the cases was also assessed.
The rate of all rape-related crime increased from 11.6 in 2001 to 19.8 in 2018 per 100,000 women and girls. Most of the 70.7% increase in rate between 2001 and 2018 was post 2012 following a gang-rape and murder case in India's capital. The largest proportion of crimes was recorded as assault with the intent to outrage modesty of the woman, followed by rape. The cited offender in rape cases was for the majority a close known person (44·3%) or other known person (43·1%). By the end of 2018, only 9·6% of the cases had completed trials, with acquittals in 73% cases.
The wide variations in the yearly crime rates at state-level highlighted significant issues in data quality including under-reporting, non-comparability, possible bias in data reporting in NCRB, definition of rape-related crime in India, and access in reporting of crimes. Addressing barriers to reporting, improving quality and scope of administrative data recorded on sexual violence is urgently needed for India to meet SDG targets of eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls.
本文调查了 2001 年至 2018 年印度行政数据中报告的与妇女和女童有关的强奸犯罪趋势，以评估犯罪负担，描述国家以下各级的差异，并强调数据差距，以便在印度有效处理性暴力问题。
从国家犯罪记录局（NCRB）的年度报告中提取了与五种强奸相关犯罪相关的数据，包括强奸意图侮辱妇女的尊严、强奸、侮辱妇女的尊严、企图强奸以及强奸/轮奸杀人。对印度及其各州的妇女和女孩的所有类别和每项犯罪的比率进行了估计。还评估了强奸犯的类型、被捕人数的平均值以及案件的法律地位的趋势。
2001 年至 2018 年，每 10 万名妇女和女孩中，所有与强奸有关的犯罪率从 11.6 上升到 19.8。在印度首都发生一起轮奸和谋杀案后，2001 年至 2018 年期间，增长率的 70.7%大部分发生在 2012 年之后。记录的犯罪中最大比例是意图侮辱妇女的尊严的攻击，其次是强奸。强奸案件中的犯罪嫌疑人大多是熟人（44.3%）或其他熟人（43.1%）。截至 2018 年底，只有 9.6%的案件完成了审判，其中 73%的案件被判无罪。
州一级每年犯罪率的巨大差异突出了数据质量方面的重大问题，包括漏报、可比性问题、NCRB 数据报告中可能存在的偏差、印度强奸相关犯罪的定义以及报告犯罪的途径。印度迫切需要消除报告障碍，提高对性暴力的行政数据的质量和范围，以实现消除对妇女和女童一切形式暴力行为的可持续发展目标。
