New seasonal measurement with stability and clustering seasonal patterns: A case study in Japan from 2011 to 2019.

Seasonality of tourism demand witnesses fluctuations over multiple years. The fluctuations and seasonality often cause seasonal pattern changes. This study presents a new seasonal measurement that considers the stability of seasonal patterns. The measurement is based on a seasonal index and expressed interval-valued data, which are a kind of symbolic data. As a case study, the new measurements are calculated from Japanese overnight data from 2011 to 2019 and the results classify the seasonal patterns of 47 prefectures using a hierarchical clustering method for interval-valued data based on Ward's method. The analysis results indicate that there are differences in not only seasonal patterns but also their stability between domestic overnight demand and inbound overnight demand. The analysis procedure suggested in this study could be helpful in organizing numerous other unstable seasonal patterns.