In Situ Sensor for the Detection of Oil Spill in Seawater Using Microwave Techniques.

Nearly 30% of oil drilled globally is done offshore. Oil spillage offshore has far-reaching consequences on the environment, aquatic lives, and livelihoods as it was evident in the Deepwater Horizon and Bonga oil spills. A novel microwave in situ oil spill sensor was developed in this work. The device is comprised of two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-encapsulated ultra-wideband underwater microwave trefoil antennas enclosed in a Faraday cage with one serving as the receiving antenna and the other as the transmitting antenna. Heavy aromatic-naphthenic Azeri crude oil was used as an inclusion in the seawater host medium. Substantial changes in the measured reflection (S11) and transmission (S21) coefficients were observed as the medium was adulterated with crude oil starting from 200 MHz to around 2500 MHz. The changes in the dielectric properties of the media resulted in changes in both the S11 and S21 signifying and detecting an occurrence of the oil spillage. Thus, by employing radio frequencies, oil spillage was detected using the in situ monitoring device in seawater.