ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, 132001, Karnal, Haryana, India.
Mountain Research Center for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, 192101, Khudwani, J & K, India.
Mol Biol Rep. 2022 Jun;49(6):5483-5494. doi: 10.1007/s11033-022-07356-7. Epub 2022 Apr 27.
The fundamental concepts of the genetics, race classification and epidemiology of the Wheat spike blast causing fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT) are still evolving despite of its discovery in 1985 in Brazil for the first time. The fungus seems to defy the research progress that is being made globally by continuously evolving into pathotypes which have already overcome the much celebrated 2NS resistance in wheat lines as well as few of the initially effective fungicides. The compartmentalized i.e. two speed genome of the MoT, conferring the fungus an evolutionary advantage, has emerged as a challenge for the wheat spike blast researchers complicating its already difficult management. The airborne fungus with a range of alternative hosts is finding new geographical niches situated on different continents and is a matter of great apprehension among the nations whose food security is primarily dependent on wheat. The wheat blast outbreak in Bangladesh during 2016 was attributed to an isolate from Latin America escaping through a seed import consignment while the latest Zambian outbreak is still to be studied in detail regarding its origin and entry. The challenges in dealing wheat spike blast are not only on the level of genetics and epidemiology alone but also on the levels of policy making regarding international seed movement and research collaborations. The present review deals with these issues mainly concerning the effective management and controlling the international spread of this deadly disease of wheat, with a particular reference to India. We describe the origin, taxonomy, epidemiology and symptomology of MoT and briefly highlight its impact and management practices from different countries. We also discuss the advances in genomics and genome editing technologies that can be used to develop elite wheat genotypes resistant against different stains of wheat spike blast.
尽管稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum，MoT）于 1985 年在巴西首次被发现，但它的遗传学、种族分类和流行病学的基本概念仍在不断发展。该真菌似乎违背了全球正在取得的研究进展，不断进化成已克服小麦线中著名的 2NS 抗性以及少数最初有效的杀菌剂的病原型。MoT 分隔的即双速基因组赋予了真菌进化优势，这已成为小麦穗疫病研究人员的一个挑战，使其管理更加复杂。具有多种替代宿主的气传真菌正在寻找位于不同大洲的新地理小生境，这是主要依赖小麦的国家非常关注的问题。2016 年孟加拉国的小麦穗疫病爆发归因于一种来自拉丁美洲的分离株，通过种子进口货物逃脱，而最近赞比亚的疫情爆发仍在详细研究其起源和进入。应对小麦穗疫病的挑战不仅在于遗传学和流行病学水平，还在于国际种子流动和研究合作方面的政策制定水平。本综述主要涉及有效管理和控制这种致命的小麦疾病的国际传播的这些问题，特别是针对印度。我们描述了 MoT 的起源、分类学、流行病学和症状学，并简要强调了它在不同国家的影响和管理实践。我们还讨论了基因组学和基因组编辑技术的进展，这些技术可用于开发对不同小麦穗疫病菌株具有抗性的优良小麦基因型。
