Department of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 33, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Sep;29(43):65489-65499. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-20449-x. Epub 2022 Apr 29.
Interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) formed by the interaction of two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes have been proposed as soil structure stabilizers. However, little is known about the environmental safety of IPECs. The goal of this study was to investigate the toxicity of a positively charged IPEC formed by two commercial polymers, namely the cationic biopolymer poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and the anionic biopolymer lignohumate (LH), a humic-based plant growth promoter. Toxicity was assessed using cultures of the bacteria Escherichia coli, the ciliate Paramecium caudatum, mammalian (Bos taurus) spermatozoa in vitro, and three plant species (Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus, and Triticum durum). The responses of test organisms were evaluated in contact with (1) polymer and water and (2) polymer and soil. In water, PDDA and IPEC were highly toxic to bacteria and ciliates at all concentrations and less toxic to mammalian cells. Higher plants were less sensitive to the polymers, and the toxicity progressively decreased in the order PDDA > IPEC > LH. In soil matrices; the phytotoxicity of PDDA and IPEC was found to be quite low, and none of the polymers was toxic to plants at concentrations that allowed the formation of polymeric soil crusts against erosion. This is because the toxicity of cationic polymers decreases as they enter the soil matrix and bind to organic matter and minerals.
聚电解质复合物（IPEC）是由两种带相反电荷的聚电解质相互作用形成的，被提议作为土壤结构稳定剂。然而，对于 IPEC 的环境安全性知之甚少。本研究的目的是研究由两种商业聚合物形成的带正电荷的 IPEC 的毒性，这两种聚合物分别是阳离子生物聚合物聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵（PDDA）和阴离子生物聚合物木质素黄酸盐（LH），一种基于腐殖质的植物生长促进剂。使用细菌大肠杆菌、纤毛虫 Paramecium caudatum、体外哺乳动物（牛）精子和三种植物物种（白芥、萝卜和硬粒小麦）的培养物评估了毒性。用（1）聚合物和水和（2）聚合物和土壤接触的方式来评估测试生物的反应。在水中，PDDA 和 IPEC 在所有浓度下对细菌和纤毛虫都具有高毒性，对哺乳动物细胞的毒性较小。高等植物对聚合物的敏感性较低，毒性按 PDDA > IPEC > LH 的顺序逐渐降低。在土壤基质中；发现 PDDA 和 IPEC 的植物毒性相当低，并且在允许形成抗侵蚀聚合物土壤结皮的浓度下，没有一种聚合物对植物有毒。这是因为阳离子聚合物进入土壤基质并与有机物和矿物质结合时，其毒性会降低。
