Effect of sediment deposition on phosphate and hydrogen sulfide removal by granulated coal ash in coastal sediments.

Granulated coal ash (GCA) is a strong in-situ capping material for removing PO-P and HS-S in contaminated coastal sediments. Although GCA performance is weakened by sediment deposition, related research is rare. To evaluate sediment deposition effects on PO-P and HS-S removal by GCA, GCA was placed on the top of sediment (C-GCA), was partially mixed with sediment (M-GCA), and was fully covered by sediment (N-GCA). Effective PO-P and HS-S removal from sediments occurred in the order of C-GCA > M-GCA > N-GCA. C-GCA and M-GCA significantly decreased PO-P and HS-S concentrations by 84- 90% and 100%, respectively, through calcium phosphate and iron sulfide precipitation. N-GCA was less effective in PO-P and HS-S removal than the control after 2.5 months, as fine sediment particles blocked the GCA pores, decreasing calcium and iron elution. The results provide a better understanding of how sediment deposition negatively impacted GCA performance.