Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, 6, Czech Republic; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rozvojová 135, 165 02, Prague, 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, 6, Czech Republic; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rozvojová 135, 165 02, Prague, 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
J Environ Manage. 2022 Aug 1;315:115090. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115090. Epub 2022 Apr 27.
With the growing emphasis on environmental protection, the ways of sewage sludge treatment are changing. In this review, we analyse different methods of sewage sludge treatment in terms of potential environmental risk and raw materials recovery. The review begins with a comparison and assessment of existing reviews on this topic. Then, it focuses on the properties and current utilisation of sewage sludge in agriculture and a brief description of sludge thermal treatment methods (mono- and co-incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification). The final part of the review is devoted to technologies for treating sludge ash from mono-incinerators to recover phosphorus, a substance listed as a critical raw material by the EU. Our results show that direct use of sewage sludge likewise composts containing sewage sludge should no longer be considered as a direct source of nutrients and organic matter in agriculture, because of its pollutant content. Co-incineration and landfilling represent a dead-end in sludge treatment due to the loss of raw materials, whereas pyrolysis is sustainable for remote locations with low heavy metal content sludge. Heavy metals also pose a problem for the direct use of sludge ash and must be therefore removed. There are already sludge ash processing technologies that are capable of processing ash to form a variety of raw materials such as phosphorus. These regeneration approaches are currently in their infancy, but are gradually being introduced. The sewage sludge treatment industry is rapidly evolving, and we have attempted to summarise and discuss the current state of knowledge in this review, which will provide a baseline towards the future of sewage sludge suitable treatment.
随着环境保护意识的不断增强，污水处理方式正在发生变化。在本综述中，我们从潜在环境风险和原材料回收的角度分析了不同的污水处理方法。综述首先对该主题的现有综述进行了比较和评估。然后，它重点介绍了污水污泥在农业中的特性和当前利用情况，并简要描述了污泥热处理方法（单独和联合焚烧、热解和气化）。综述的最后一部分致力于处理单焚烧炉污泥灰以回收磷的技术，磷被欧盟列为关键原材料。我们的研究结果表明，由于其污染物含量，直接使用污水污泥或含有污水污泥的堆肥不应再被视为农业中营养物质和有机物的直接来源。由于原材料的损失，联合焚烧和土地填埋是处理污泥的死胡同，而热解对于重金属含量低的偏远地区是可持续的。重金属也对污泥灰的直接利用构成了问题，因此必须加以去除。已经有一些污泥灰处理技术能够处理灰分形成各种原材料，如磷。这些再生方法目前还处于起步阶段，但正在逐步引入。污水处理行业正在迅速发展，我们试图在本综述中总结和讨论当前的知识状况，为未来适合的污水处理提供基础。
