Bottau Paolo, Liotti Lucia, Laderchi Eleonora, Palpacelli Alessandra, Calamelli Elisabetta, Colombo Carlotta, Serra Laura, Cazzato Salvatore
Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, Imola, Italy.
Pediatric Unit, Department of Mother and Child Health, Salesi Children's Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
Front Pediatr. 2022 Apr 14;10:865977. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.865977. eCollection 2022.
Acute Viral Bronchiolitis is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in the first 12-24 months of life. International guidelines on the management of bronchiolitis broadly agree in recommending a minimal therapeutic approach, not recommending the use of bronchodilators. Guidelines, generally, consider bronchiolitis as a "unique disease" and this runs the risk of not administering therapy in some patients who could benefit from the use of bronchodilators, for instance, in those who will develop asthma later in their life and face first episode in the age of bronchiolitis. Today, there is growing evidence that bronchiolitis is not a single illness but can have different "endotypes" and "phenotypes," based on age, personal or family history of atopy, etiology, and pathophysiological mechanism. There is evidence that some phenotypes of bronchiolitis are more strongly associated with asthma features and are linked to higher risk for asthma development. In these populations, possible use of bronchodilators might have a better impact. Age seems to be the main feature to suggest a good response to a bronchodilator-trial, because, among children > 6 months old with bronchiolitis, the presence of a subset of patients with virus-induced wheezing or the first episode of asthma is more likely. While waiting for new research to define the relationship between therapeutic options and different phenotypes, a bronchodilator-trial (using short-acting β2 agonists with metered-dose inhalers and valved holding chambers) seems appropriate in every child with bronchiolitis and age > 6 months.
急性病毒性细支气管炎是12至24个月龄婴儿住院治疗的主要原因之一。关于细支气管炎管理的国际指南在推荐最小化治疗方法方面基本达成一致,不建议使用支气管扩张剂。一般来说,指南将细支气管炎视为一种“独特的疾病”,这可能导致一些本可从支气管扩张剂使用中获益的患者无法接受治疗,例如那些日后会患哮喘且在细支气管炎发病年龄首次发作的患者。如今,越来越多的证据表明,细支气管炎并非单一疾病,而是根据年龄、个人或家族过敏史、病因及病理生理机制具有不同的“内型”和“表型”。有证据表明,某些细支气管炎表型与哮喘特征关联更强,且与哮喘发病风险更高相关。在这些人群中,使用支气管扩张剂可能会产生更好的效果。年龄似乎是提示对支气管扩张剂试验反应良好的主要特征,因为在6个月以上患细支气管炎的儿童中,出现病毒诱导性喘息或哮喘首发的患者亚群的可能性更大。在等待新的研究来确定治疗选择与不同表型之间的关系时,对于每个年龄大于6个月的细支气管炎患儿,进行支气管扩张剂试验(使用定量吸入器和带阀储雾罐的短效β2激动剂)似乎是合适的。