Nanosilver-stimulated heterophil extracellular traps promoted liver and kidney injury in chicken.

Nanosilver is a metallic silver monomer with a diameter of <100 nm, which has excellent antibacterial activity and is widely used in the fields of medicine and sanitation, disinfection of drinking water in daily life and feed additives in livestock and poultry farming. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) are an important part of innate immunity in chickens and have an excellent antimicrobial effect, but their excessive release caused tissue damage. Nanosilver overdose caused toxic effects in chickens, while immunotoxic effects of nanosilver on chickens have not been reported. In this study, we explored the effects of nanosilver-induced HETs on chicken liver and kidney damage and further investigated the molecular mechanism of nanosilver-induced HETs release. The results showed that nanosilver significantly upregulated serum HETs and caused liver and kidney damage. The classical structure of nanosilver-induced HETs was also observed, and nanosilver-induced HETs were dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS), extracellular regulatory protein kinase (ERK), p38 and glycolysis pathways. In summary, this research suggests that nanosilver induced HETs release, but excessive HETs release also caused damage to chicken. It also helps to understand the importance of moderate application of nanosilver, which may improve animal immunity but avoid negative effects in safeguarding the economic efficiency of poultry farming.