Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2023 Jun;43(4):521-539. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2052012. Epub 2022 May 3.
The human population is dependent on agriculture for its food requirements and survival. Several insecticides and pesticides have found their use for improvements in agricultural yields. Organophosphates (OP) are one of the many compounds used as insecticides and pesticides. OPs have also been used to develop G and V-series chemicals which act as highly toxic nerve agents that can severely influence the normal function of the nervous system in all living beings. Thus, OP compounds utilized as insecticides/pesticides and nerve agents are hazardous to the environment, lethal for humans and other non-target animals. To avoid their toxicity, approaches to detect and neutralize them have become essential. A variety of analytical procedures such as electrochemical processes and chromatography methods, namely liquid and gas chromatography, have been employed to detect OPs. Though these techniques are sensitive and highly accurate they suffer from drawbacks, for instance: their bulky nature and expensive instrumentation, the difficulty of operation, long detection times, and they can yield unpredictable results with variable sample complexities. With the advent of several types of biosensors, the assay of OP compounds has become simpler, faster, cost-effective with improved sensitivity, and provides the capability for onsite detection. OP biosensor assays typically utilize several enzymes with the capability to hydrolyze/degrade OP compounds, such as organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) and organophosphate acid hydrolase (OPAA). This review focuses on discussing various aspects of OPAA as biological recognition unit in terms of its: structure, properties, activity enhancement methods, and utilization for developing OPAA-based biosensing technologies for insecticides, pesticides, and nerve agents.
人类的食物需求和生存依赖于农业。为了提高农业产量，人们已经发现了几种杀虫剂和农药的用途。有机磷（OP）是用作杀虫剂和农药的众多化合物之一。有机磷还被用于开发 G 和 V 系列化学物质，这些化学物质作为剧毒神经毒剂，会严重影响所有生物的神经系统的正常功能。因此，用作杀虫剂/农药和神经毒剂的有机磷化合物对环境有危害，对人类和其他非靶标动物是致命的。为了避免其毒性，开发检测和中和它们的方法变得至关重要。已经采用了各种分析程序，例如电化学过程和色谱方法，即液相和气相色谱法，来检测有机磷。尽管这些技术具有灵敏度和高度准确性，但它们存在缺点，例如：体积庞大和仪器昂贵、操作困难、检测时间长，并且在处理具有不同复杂程度的样本时可能会产生不可预测的结果。随着各种类型的生物传感器的出现，有机磷化合物的检测变得更加简单、快速、具有成本效益，并且提高了灵敏度，并具有现场检测的能力。有机磷生物传感器检测通常利用几种具有水解/降解有机磷化合物能力的酶，例如有机磷水解酶（OPH）和有机磷酸水解酶（OPAA）。本文综述了 OPAA 作为生物识别单元在以下几个方面的各种方面：结构、性质、活性增强方法，以及用于开发基于 OPAA 的生物传感技术以检测杀虫剂、农药和神经毒剂。
