Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022;1364:177-196. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-91979-5_9.
Recent advances in imaging of bone microstructure have led to a growing recognition of the role of cortical microstructure in osteoporosis. It is now accepted that the assessment of the microstructure of cortical porosity is essential to assess bone mechanical competence and predict fracture risk. Cortical porosity affects the propagation of ultrasound waves because pores act as ultrasound scatterers. Scattering by the porosity is an opportunity that should be leveraged to extract quantitative information about cortical microstructure. Scattering by the pores affects a number of ultrasound parameters that should be quantified, including attenuation, backscatter coefficient, ultrasound diffusivity, and their frequency dependence. Measuring these ultrasound parameters and developing models that describe their dependence upon parameters of cortical microstructure is the key to solve inverse problems that will allow the quantitative assessment of cortical porosity and ultimately will improve the non-invasive ultrasound-based evaluation of bone mechanical competence and fracture risk. In this chapter, we present recent advances in measuring and modeling those parameters in cortical bone.
近年来，骨微结构成像技术的进步使得人们越来越认识到皮质微结构在骨质疏松症中的作用。现在人们已经接受，评估皮质孔隙率的微结构对于评估骨机械性能和预测骨折风险至关重要。皮质孔隙率会影响超声波的传播，因为孔隙充当超声波散射体。利用这种孔隙散射的机会，可以提取有关皮质微结构的定量信息。孔隙的散射会影响许多需要量化的超声参数，包括衰减、反向散射系数、超声扩散率及其频率依赖性。测量这些超声参数并开发描述其对皮质微结构参数依赖性的模型是解决逆问题的关键，这将允许对皮质孔隙率进行定量评估，并最终改善基于超声的非侵入性骨机械性能和骨折风险评估。在本章中，我们介绍了测量和建模皮质骨中这些参数的最新进展。
