Dulphy J P, Faverdin P
Reprod Nutr Dev (1980). 1987;27(1B):129-55.
This paper synthesizes the literature on modalities of food intake in ruminants and their main associated phenomena. Firstly, circadian distribution of feeding and ruminating activities has been examined. Ruminants spend a large part of their time chewing. Their meals have been described in detail; changes in rates of intake, time spent eating, the effect of restricting the amount fed or the period of feed accessibility have been discussed. When food is distributed, the animals have a "long" meal. These meals have been analysed in relation to the type of animal and the feed offered. The other meals ("small" meals) have been briefly described. The paper next examines the phenomena associated with meals, or induced by them, and implied in the control of food intake. Forestomach motricity varies according to ruminant feeding behavior and plays a basic role in digesta transit. Rumen content varies with the meal and its chemical composition due to the arrival in the rumen of food, water and saliva. Rumination may require 600 to 650 min/day and is important in the comminution and sorting of rumen particles. The digestive phenomena associated with meals are related to control of intake. The influence of rumen fill has been thoroughly discussed. Finally, main humoral changes due to intake have been reviewed. The influence of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and metabolites has been discussed as well as the role of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. Among the hormones, insulin and glucagon seem to play an important role in controlling food intake. The amounts of gastrointestinal hormones increase during intake and may also play an important part. Despite a net improvement in the knowledge of phenomena related to intake, much still remains to be done in setting up models to describe these phenomena in relation to feeding activities and to aid in understanding the mechanisms controlling feed intake in ruminants.
本文综合了有关反刍动物采食方式及其主要相关现象的文献。首先，研究了采食和反刍活动的昼夜分布情况。反刍动物花大量时间咀嚼。详细描述了它们的进食情况；讨论了采食速率的变化、进食时间、限制饲喂量或采食时间的影响。当食物集中投喂时，动物会有一顿“大餐”。已针对动物类型和所提供的饲料对这些大餐进行了分析。对其他餐次（“小餐”）也进行了简要描述。本文接着研究了与进食相关、由进食引发以及在食物摄入量控制中隐含的现象。前胃动力根据反刍动物的采食行为而变化，在食糜转运中起基本作用。由于食物、水和唾液进入瘤胃，瘤胃内容物随餐次及其化学成分而变化。反刍可能每天需要600至650分钟，对瘤胃颗粒的粉碎和分类很重要。与进食相关的消化现象与摄入量控制有关。瘤胃充盈的影响已得到充分讨论。最后，回顾了因进食引起的主要体液变化。讨论了挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和代谢产物的影响以及葡萄糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸的作用。在激素中，胰岛素和胰高血糖素似乎在控制食物摄入量方面发挥重要作用。胃肠道激素的量在进食期间会增加，也可能起重要作用。尽管在与摄入量相关的现象知识方面有了显著进步，但在建立模型以描述这些现象与采食活动的关系并帮助理解反刍动物采食量控制机制方面仍有许多工作要做。
