Junkermann Wolfgang, Hacker Jorg
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, IMK-IFU, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
Airborne Research Australia, Parafield Airport, Hangar 60, Dakota Drive, 5106, Salisbury South, South Australia, Australia.
Sci Rep. 2022 May 6;12(1):7410. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11500-5.
Ultrafine particles (UFP) acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are the driving force behind changing rainfall patterns. Recently observed weather extremes like floods and drought might be due to changing anthropogenic UFP emissions. However, the sources and budgets of anthropogenic primary and secondary particles are not well known. Based on airborne measurements we identified as a major contribution modern fossil fuel flue gas cleaning techniques to cause a doubling of global primary UFP number emissions. The subsequent enhancement of CCN numbers has several side effects. It's changing the size of the cloud droplets and delays raindrop formation, suppressing certain types of rainfall and increasing the residence time of water vapour in the atmosphere. This additional latent energy reservoir is directly available for invigoration of rainfall extremes. Additionally it's a further contribution to the column density of water vapour as a greenhouse gas and important for the infrared radiation budget. The localized but ubiquitous fossil fuel related UFP emissions and their role in the hydrological cycle, may thus contribute to regional or continental climate trends, such as increasing drought and flooding, observed within recent decades.
作为云凝结核（CCN）的超细颗粒物（UFP）是降雨模式变化背后的驱动力。最近观测到的诸如洪水和干旱等极端天气可能归因于人为UFP排放的变化。然而，人为一次和二次颗粒物的来源及收支情况尚不清楚。基于机载测量，我们确定现代化石燃料烟气净化技术是导致全球一次UFP数量排放翻倍的主要原因。随后CCN数量的增加有几个副作用。它改变了云滴的大小，延迟了雨滴的形成，抑制了某些类型的降雨，并增加了水汽在大气中的停留时间。这个额外的潜热能量库可直接用于加剧极端降雨。此外，它作为一种温室气体，对水汽柱密度有进一步贡献，对红外辐射收支很重要。与化石燃料相关的UFP排放虽局部但普遍存在，及其在水文循环中的作用，可能因此促成了近几十年来观测到的区域或大陆气候趋势，如干旱和洪水增加。
