Facile and scalable synthesis of sub-micrometer electrolyte particles for solid acid fuel cells.

Nanostructuring fuel cell electrodes is a viable pathway to reach high performance with low catalyst loadings. Thus, in solid acid fuel cells, small CsHPO electrolyte particles are needed for the composite powder electrodes as well as for thin electrolyte membranes. Previous efforts have resulted in significant improvements in performance when using sub-micrometer CsHPO particles, but laborious methods with low throughput were employed for their synthesis. In this work, we present a simple, robust, and scalable method to synthesize CsHPO particles with diameters down to below 200 nm. The method involves precipitating CsHPO by mixing precursor solutions in alcohol in the presence of a dispersing additive. The influence of the concentrations, the batch size, the solvent, and the mixing process is investigated. The particle size decreases down to 119 nm with increasing amount of dispersing additive. Mixing in a microreactor leads to a narrower particle size distribution. The particle shape can be tuned by varying the solvent. The ionic conductivity under solid acid fuel cell conditions is 2.0 × 10 S cm and thus close to that of CsHPO without dispersing additive.