Rapid removal of Pb from aqueous solution by phosphate-modified baker's yeast.

Phosphate-modified baker's yeast (PMBY) was prepared, and used as a novel bio-sorbent for the adsorption of Pb from aqueous solution. The influencing factors, absorption isotherms, kinetics, and mechanism were investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization and elemental analysis of PMBY showed that phosphate groups were successfully grafted onto the surface of yeast. The kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order chemisorption. The adsorption process of Pb using PMBY was spontaneous and endothermic. Furthermore, the adsorption of Pb on PMBY can rapidly achieve adsorption equilibrium (in just 3 min), and the maximum adsorption capacity of Pb on PMBY was found to be 92 mg g at 30 °C, which was about 3 times that of the pristine baker's yeast. The suggested mechanism for Pb adsorption on PMBY was based upon ion-exchange, electrostatic interaction and chelation between the phosphate groups and Pb. However, compared with the pristine baker's yeast, the higher capacity and rapid adsorption of PMBY for Pb was mainly due to the chelation and electrostatic interactions between the phosphate groups and Pb. In addition, the regeneration experiments indicated that the PMBY was easily recovered through desorption in 0.01 M HCl, and that PMBY still exhibited 90.77% of the original adsorption capacity for Pb after five regeneration cycles. These results showed the excellent regeneration capability of PMBY for Pb adsorption. PMBY has shown significant potential for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution due to its rapid adsorption, high-capacity and facile preparation.