Birke L I, Sadler D
Dev Psychobiol. 1987 Jan;20(1):85-99. doi: 10.1002/dev.420200111.
This paper describes experiments designed to investigate long-term behavioral consequences for offspring of changes in maternal behavior directed toward them as pups. Specifically, the hypothesis was considered that experimentally induced alterations in maternal behavior would result in general and wide-ranging effects on offspring development, including effects on later social and sexual behavior. The first experiment looked at the effects of changing pup odors on maternal responsiveness toward the pups, and showed that the application of perfume, particularly to the anogenital region, resulted in significant lowering of maternal anogenital licking of pups. Non-pup-directed behavior did not differ between groups. The behavior of those pups that had thus differed in infant experience was then followed in three subsequent experiments. In Experiment 2, social behavior during the juvenile period was investigated, focusing particularly on the expression of social play. The most noticeable difference to emerge in this experiment was that male pups that had been anogenitally perfumed as infants showed much higher levels of social play than male or female pups from other treatment groups. The last two experiments considered adult behavior. Experiment 3 showed that there are no lasting effects of the neonatal treatment on the attractiveness an animal has for its conspecifics. In the final experiment, "masculine" sexual behavior of males (mounts with intromission), and "feminine" sexual behavior of females (i.e., lordosis and proceptive behavior) were investigated. This confirmed previous reports by Moore (1984) (Moore, C. L. (1984). Maternal contributions to the development of masculine sexual behavior in laboratory rats. Dev. Psychobiol., 17:347-363) that those male pups that had received lower rates of anogenital licking as pups showed longer intermount intervals, when tested as adults. The results are discussed in relation to the development of sexually differentiated behavior.
本文描述了旨在研究母性行为变化对幼崽长期行为影响的实验。具体而言，研究了这样一种假设：实验诱导的母性行为改变会对后代发育产生广泛影响，包括对后期社交和性行为的影响。第一个实验研究了改变幼崽气味对母鼠对幼崽反应性的影响，结果表明，在幼崽的肛门生殖器区域涂抹香水会显著降低母鼠对幼崽肛门生殖器的舔舐行为。不同组之间非针对幼崽的行为没有差异。随后在三个后续实验中跟踪了那些在幼年经历上存在差异的幼崽的行为。在实验2中，研究了幼年期的社交行为，特别关注社交游戏的表现。该实验中最显著的差异是，幼年时肛门生殖器区域被涂抹香水的雄性幼崽比其他处理组的雄性或雌性幼崽表现出更高水平的社交游戏。最后两个实验考虑了成年行为。实验3表明，新生期处理对动物对同种个体的吸引力没有持久影响。在最后一个实验中，研究了雄性的“雄性化”性行为（插入式骑跨）和雌性的“雌性化”性行为（即脊柱前凸和接受性行为）。这证实了摩尔（1984年）之前的报告（摩尔，C.L.（1984年）。母鼠对实验室大鼠雄性性行为发育的贡献。《发育心理生物学》，17:347 - 363），即那些幼年时接受较低频率肛门生殖器舔舐的雄性幼崽，成年后测试时骑跨间隔时间更长。本文结合性别分化行为的发育对研究结果进行了讨论。
