Khanna Kanika, Kohli Sukhmeen Kaur, Kumar Pankaj, Ohri Puja, Bhardwaj Renu, Alam Pravej, Ahmad Parvaiz
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; Department of Microbiology, D.A.V University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar 144001, Punjab, India.
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Sep 10;838(Pt 2):155870. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155870. Epub 2022 May 11.
Arsenic (As) is highly toxic metal (loid) that impairs plant growth and proves fatal towards human population. It disrupts physiological, biochemical and molecular attributes of plants associated with water/nutrient uptake, redox homeostasis, photosynthetic machineries, cell/membrane damage, and ATP synthesis. Numerous transcription factors are responsive towards As through regulating stress signaling, toxicity and resistance. Additionally, characterization of specific genes encoding uptake, translocation, detoxification and sequestration has also explained their underlying mechanisms. Arsenic within soil enters the food chain and cause As-poisoning. Plethora of conventional methods has been used since decades to plummet As-toxicity, but the success rate is quite low due to environmental hazards. Henceforth, exploration of effective and eco-friendly methods is aimed for As-remediation. With the technological advancements, we have enumerated novel strategies to address this concern for practicing such techniques on global scale. Novel strategies such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, mycorrhizae-mediated remediation, biochar, algal-remediation etc. possess extraordinary results. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule has also been explored in relieving As-stress through reducing oxidative damages and triggering antioxidative responses. Other strategies such as role of plant hormones (salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, jasmonic acid) and micro-nutrients such as selenium have also been elucidated in As-remediation from soil. This has been observed through stimulated antioxidant activities, gene expression of transporters, defense genes, cell-wall modifications along with the synthesis of chelating agents such as phytochelatins and metallothioneins. This review encompasses the updated information about As toxicity and its remediation through novel techniques that serve to be the hallmarks for stress revival. We have summarised the genetic engineering protocols, biotechnological as well as nanotechnological applications in plants to combat As-toxicity.
砷（As）是一种剧毒金属（类金属），会损害植物生长并对人类致命。它会破坏植物与水分/养分吸收、氧化还原稳态、光合机制、细胞/膜损伤以及ATP合成相关的生理、生化和分子特性。许多转录因子通过调节应激信号、毒性和抗性来响应砷。此外，对编码吸收、转运、解毒和螯合的特定基因的表征也解释了其潜在机制。土壤中的砷进入食物链并导致砷中毒。几十年来，人们使用了大量传统方法来降低砷的毒性，但由于环境危害，成功率相当低。因此，旨在探索有效且环保的砷修复方法。随着技术的进步，我们列举了一些新策略来解决这一问题，以便在全球范围内应用这些技术。生物修复、植物修复、菌根介导的修复、生物炭、藻类修复等新策略都取得了非凡的成果。此外，一氧化氮（NO）作为一种信号分子，也被探索用于通过减少氧化损伤和触发抗氧化反应来缓解砷胁迫。其他策略，如植物激素（水杨酸、吲哚-3-乙酸、茉莉酸）的作用以及硒等微量元素在土壤砷修复中的作用也已得到阐明。这是通过刺激抗氧化活性、转运蛋白的基因表达、防御基因、细胞壁修饰以及植物螯合肽和金属硫蛋白等螯合剂的合成来实现的。本综述涵盖了有关砷毒性及其通过新技术进行修复的最新信息，这些新技术是缓解胁迫的标志。我们总结了植物中用于对抗砷毒性的基因工程方案、生物技术以及纳米技术应用。
