Department of History, College of Humanities, Hanyang University.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine.
Uisahak. 2022 Apr;31(1):221-262. doi: 10.13081/kjmh.2022.31.221.
The liberation period in Korea was when creative imagination and various debates existed about plans for political, economic, and social systems. Among them was the debate over the national health security underlying the social safety net. Although the US influenced the Korean health security after liberation, major political groups on the Korean peninsula also expressed various opinions. However, previous studies have shown little interest in national health security, which operates the public health and medical care systems. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on the ideas on national health security presented by major political groups, analyzing the reply proposal of "Jŏnpyŏng" and the health care proposal of the US military government, which has not been reviewed before. The opinions of major political groups including the right-wing Im-hyŏp and left-wing Min-chŏn diverged on national health security issue regarding insurance coverage, measures to secure financial resources, items of insurance benefits, and measures to stabilize the supply and demand of medical personnel. The claims of the US military government can be understood by "Labor Problems and Policies in Korea (Korean Subcommittee)," "Korean Labor Report (Stewart Meacham)," and "Proposed Political Platform Provisional Korean Democratic Government (Sub-commission #2)." The major political groups and the US military government agreed on the need for social protection against death, old age, disability, disease, injury, and unemployment. All of them claimed national health security, in which the roles of the private sector and the government were mixed, should be gradually introduced. The major political groups, in particular, proposed to (1) set workers as beneficiaries of insurance, (2) share financial resources jointly among the state, employers, and workers, and (3) promote the expansion of the number of doctors and medical institutions and prefer cooperative operations of the hospitals established in small administrative units. This paper argues that the ideas on national health security during the liberation period did not completely deviate from the global trend immediately after World War II when countries tried to expand the number of people covered by national health security and strengthen its coverage. Although these ideas were not fully reflected in the Constitution of 1948, it is significant in that the Constitution codified for the first time the state's responsibility for those who have no ability for living due to their health conditions.
朝鲜解放时期，对政治、经济和社会制度的计划存在着创造性的想象力和各种争论。其中包括社会安全网所涵盖的国家卫生安全的争论。尽管美国在解放后影响了朝鲜的卫生安全，但朝鲜半岛的主要政治团体也表达了各种意见。然而，以前的研究对运营公共卫生和医疗保健系统的国家卫生安全几乎没有兴趣。为了克服这些限制，本研究侧重于主要政治团体提出的国家卫生安全思想，分析以前没有审查过的“Jŏnpyŏng”的答复建议和美国军政府的医疗保健建议。右翼的仁贤和左翼的敏川等主要政治团体在保险范围、确保财政资源的措施、保险福利项目以及稳定医务人员供需的措施等国家卫生安全问题上存在分歧。美国军政府的主张可以通过“朝鲜劳工问题与政策（韩国小组委员会）”、“朝鲜劳工报告（斯图尔特·米查姆）”和“拟议的政治纲领临时朝鲜民主政府（第 2 小组委员会）”来理解。主要政治团体和美国军政府都认为需要对死亡、老年、残疾、疾病、伤害和失业等情况提供社会保护。他们都主张国家卫生安全，其中私营部门和政府的角色应该逐渐引入。特别是主要政治团体提议：（1）将工人作为保险的受益者；（2）国家、雇主和工人共同分担财政资源；（3）促进医生和医疗机构数量的扩大，并优先考虑小行政单位设立的医院的合作运营。本文认为，解放时期的国家卫生安全思想并没有完全偏离第二次世界大战后各国试图扩大国家卫生安全覆盖范围并加强其覆盖范围的全球趋势。尽管这些思想没有完全反映在 1948 年的宪法中，但重要的是，宪法首次将国家对因健康状况而无法生存的人的责任编纂成文。
