Sources, Detection, and Inoculum Quantification of Flower Blight Pathogens in Macadamia.

Dry flower disease caused by spp., green mold caused by spp., and gray mold caused by spp., collectively known as flower blight cause significant yield losses in macadamia. Potential sources of inoculum of the various pathogens in macadamia tree canopy were examined using pathogenicity tests and a multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay developed in this study. The qPCR assay detected and quantified the relative abundance of the inoculum of flower blight pathogens. The assay revealed that remnant racemes contributed a high amount of inoculum of all the three groups of flower blight pathogens, while the yellow halo leaf spot contributed only species. The amount of conidia per gram of remnant racemes ranged from 7 × 10 to 2 × 10 for dry flower disease, 3 × 10 to 1 × 10 for green mold, and 5 to 8 × 10 for gray mold pathogens. Conidia of species quantified from leaf spots varied from 1 × 10 to 1 × 10 per cm. Pathogenicity tests performed on developing racemes under field conditions, using conidial suspensions from both sources of inoculum (remnant racemes and yellow halo leaf spot), resulted in severe flower bight symptoms. Disease severity was not significantly different ( > 0.05) when remnant racemes were incubated directly with the developing racemes compared with inoculation with conidial suspension from the material. This suggests that racemes from preceding seasons that remain in the tree canopy carryover inoculum between seasons and should be removed as a control option for flower blights in macadamia orchards.