Ansari Khalid, Khandeshwar Shantanu, Waghmare Charuta, Mehboob Hassan, Gupta Tripti, Shrikhande Avinash N, Abbas Mohamed
Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur 441110, India.
Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia.
Materials (Basel). 2022 Apr 19;15(9):2963. doi: 10.3390/ma15092963.
Mushroom waste substrates are highly resistant lignocellulosic wastes that are commercially produced by industries after harvesting. These wastes produce large environmental challenges regarding disposal and, thus, require treatment facilities. In the present article, the effect of Eisenia-fetida-based vermicomposting and an effective microorganism solution on the mushroom waste substrate were investigated using four different composting mixtures: mushroom waste [MW] substrate composting with effective microorganisms [MW+EM], raw mushroom waste [RWM] substrate composting with effective microorganisms [RMW+EM], mushroom waste substrate composting with vermicomposting and effective microorganisms [MW+V+EM], and raw mushroom waste substrate composting with vermicomposting and effective microorganisms [RWM+V+EM]. This article discusses the structural and physiochemical changes at four samples for 45 days (almost six weeks) of composting. The physical and chemical parameters were monitored during composting and provided information on the duration of the process. The results indicated pH (7.28), NPK value (0.91.8), and C:N ratio <14, and heavy metals exhibited a decreasing trend in later stages for all sets of compost materials and showed the maturity level. FTIR spectra revealed that all four samples included peaks for the -OH (hydroxy group) ranging from 3780 to 3500 cm−1 and a ridge indicating the C=C (alkenyl bond) ranging from 1650 to 1620 cm−1 in compost. The X-ray diffraction spectrum clearly shows how earthworms and microbes break down molecules into cellulose compounds, and the average crystallinity size using Scherrer’s equation was found to be between 69.82 and 93.13 nm. Based on the experimental analysis, [RWM+V+EM] accelerated the breakdown of organic matter and showed improvement compared with other composts in compostable materials, thus, emphasizing the critical nature of long-term mushroom waste management and treatment.
蘑菇废基质是收获后由工业商业化生产的高抗性木质纤维素废物。这些废物在处置方面带来了巨大的环境挑战，因此需要处理设施。在本文中，使用四种不同的堆肥混合物研究了基于赤子爱胜蚓的蚯蚓堆肥和有效微生物溶液对蘑菇废基质的影响：蘑菇废[MW]基质与有效微生物[MW+EM]堆肥、生蘑菇废[RWM]基质与有效微生物[RMW+EM]堆肥、蘑菇废基质与蚯蚓堆肥和有效微生物[MW+V+EM]堆肥、生蘑菇废基质与蚯蚓堆肥和有效微生物[RWM+V+EM]堆肥。本文讨论了在45天（近六周）堆肥过程中四个样品的结构和理化变化。在堆肥过程中监测了物理和化学参数，并提供了有关该过程持续时间的信息。结果表明，所有堆肥材料的pH值（7.28）、氮磷钾值（0.91.8）和碳氮比<14，重金属在后期呈现下降趋势，表明达到了成熟水平。傅里叶变换红外光谱显示，所有四个样品在堆肥中都有3780至3500 cm−1范围内的-OH（羟基）峰和1650至1620 cm−1范围内表示C=C（烯基键）的脊。X射线衍射光谱清楚地显示了蚯蚓和微生物如何将分子分解为纤维素化合物，使用谢乐方程计算的平均结晶度尺寸在69.82至93.13 nm之间。基于实验分析，[RWM+V+EM]加速了有机物的分解，与其他可堆肥材料中的堆肥相比有改善，因此强调了长期蘑菇废物管理和处理的重要性。
