College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA.
J Adolesc. 2022 Jun;94(4):684-697. doi: 10.1002/jad.12056. Epub 2022 May 25.
To investigate patterns of divergence in adolescent adjustment, this study examined the co-occurring patterns of adolescents' individual assets (e.g., school engagement, values) and substance use, and whether the co-occurring patterns were associated with later functioning in emerging adulthood.
Participants were 358 (54% females), predominantly African American, urban adolescents, recruited at birth for a prospective study on the effects of prenatal substance exposure in the Midwest United States. Individual assets, using the Developmental Assets Profile, substance use (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana), via biologic assays and self-report, and substance use-related problems were assessed at age 15 years. High-school completion, substance use disorder, mental health symptoms, and legal problems were assessed at age 21 years.
Latent class analysis identified five classes as follows: high assets with low substance use (C1, 10.2%); moderate assets with low substance use (C2, 28.7%); low assets with low substance use (C3, 32%); moderate assets with high substance use (C4, 9.4%); and low assets with high substance use (C5, 19.2%). Despite similar levels of assets, adolescents in C5 reported more life adversities (suboptimal caregiving environment, daily hassles, non-birth parents' care) than those in C3. C4 and C5 reported more substance use disorder at age 21 years than the three low substance use classes; adolescents in C5 were less likely to complete high school than those in C2. More females in C5 reported greater mental health symptoms than those in C1 and C3, and criminal justice involvement than those in C1.
The current findings underscore the significance of substance use in adolescence in disrupting healthy transition to adulthood, especially among females in the context of low individual assets.
为了探究青少年适应能力的差异模式，本研究考察了青少年个体资产（如学校参与度、价值观）和物质使用的共同出现模式，以及这些共同出现模式是否与成年早期的后续功能有关。
参与者为 358 名（54%为女性）主要为非裔美国城市青少年，他们在中西部美国的一项关于产前物质暴露对青少年影响的前瞻性研究中出生时被招募。使用发展资产档案评估个体资产，通过生物测定和自我报告评估物质使用（酒精、烟草、大麻）以及物质使用相关问题，在 15 岁时进行评估。高中完成情况、物质使用障碍、心理健康症状和法律问题在 21 岁时进行评估。
潜在类别分析确定了以下五类：低物质使用高资产（C1，10.2%）；低物质使用中资产（C2，28.7%）；低物质使用低资产（C3，32%）；高物质使用中资产（C4，9.4%）；高物质使用低资产（C5，19.2%）。尽管资产水平相似，但 C5 组青少年报告的生活逆境（不良养育环境、日常困扰、非亲生父母照顾）多于 C3 组。C4 和 C5 组在 21 岁时报告的物质使用障碍比其他三个低物质使用类别的发生率更高；C5 组青少年完成高中学业的可能性低于 C2 组。C5 组中更多的女性报告了更严重的心理健康症状，比 C1 组和 C3 组更多地涉及刑事司法系统。
目前的研究结果强调了青少年物质使用在破坏健康成年期过渡方面的重要性，特别是在低个体资产背景下的女性中。
