Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia.
J Environ Manage. 2022 Sep 1;317:115357. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115357. Epub 2022 May 23.
Wastewater is inevitably generated from human activities as part of the life cycle chain that potentially damages the environment. The integration of photocatalytic reaction and membrane separation for wastewater treatment has gained great attention in recent studies. However, there are still many technical limitations for its application such as toxic metal release, catalyst deactivation, fouling/biofouling, polymer disintegration, and separation performance decline. Different types, combinations, and modifications of photocatalysts material combined with membranes such as semiconductor metal oxides, binary/ternary hybrid metal oxides, elemental doped semiconductors, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for improving the performance and compatibility are presented and discussed. The strategies of incorporating photocatalysts into membrane matrix for pursuing the most stable membrane integrity, high photocatalytic efficiency, and excellent perm-selectivity performance in the very recent studies were discussed. This review also outlines the performance enhancement of photocatalytic membranes (PMs) in wastewater treatment and its potential for water reclamation. Photocatalysts enhanced membrane separation by inducing anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties as well as antibacterial activity. Based on the reviewed study, PMs are possible to achieve complete removal of emerging contaminants and ∼99% reduction of bacterial colony that leading on the zero liquid discharge (ZLD). However, the intensive exposure of photo-induced radicals potentially damages the polymeric membrane. Therefore, future studies should be focused on fabricating chemically stable host-membrane material. Moreover, the light source and the membrane module design for the practical application by considering the hydrodynamic and cost-efficiency should be a concern for technology diffusion to the industrial-scale application.
废水是人类活动不可避免产生的一部分，是生命周期链的一部分，可能会对环境造成破坏。光催化反应和膜分离技术在废水处理中的结合在最近的研究中受到了极大的关注。然而，其应用仍存在许多技术限制，如有毒金属释放、催化剂失活、结垢/生物结垢、聚合物分解和分离性能下降。本文介绍并讨论了不同类型、组合和修饰的光催化剂材料与膜的结合，如半导体金属氧化物、二元/三元混合金属氧化物、元素掺杂半导体和金属-有机骨架（MOFs），以提高性能和兼容性。还讨论了将光催化剂纳入膜基质中以追求最稳定的膜完整性、高光催化效率和在最近研究中优异的选择渗透性的策略。本文还概述了光催化膜（PMs）在废水处理中的性能增强及其在水回收方面的潜力。光催化剂通过诱导抗污染和自清洁特性以及抗菌活性来增强膜分离。基于综述研究，PMs有可能实现对新兴污染物的完全去除和细菌菌落的减少（<10CFU/mL），从而实现零液体排放（ZLD）。然而，光诱导自由基的强烈暴露可能会损坏聚合物膜。因此，未来的研究应集中在构建化学稳定的主体膜材料上。此外，考虑到水动力和成本效益，对于实际应用的光源和膜组件设计应该是技术扩散到工业规模应用的关注点。
