Complications in image-guided musculoskeletal injections.

Complications in musculoskeletal interventions are rare and where they do occur tend to be minor, and often short-lived or self-limiting. Nonetheless, the potential for significant complications exists, and a thorough understanding of both the mechanisms which contribute and the manner in which they may clinically present is of critical importance for all musculoskeletal radiologists involved in performing procedures, both to mitigate against the occurrence of complications and to aid rapid recognition. The purpose of this review is to analyse the relevant literature to establish the frequency with which complications occur following musculoskeletal intervention. Furthermore, we highlight some of the more commonly discussed and feared complications in musculoskeletal intervention, such as the risk of infection, potential deleterious articular consequences including accelerated joint destruction and the poorly understood and often underestimated systemic effects of locally injected corticosteroids. We also consider both extremely rare but emergent scenarios such as anaphylactic reactions to medications, and much more common but less significant complications such as post-procedural pain. We suggest that meticulous attention to detail including strict adherence to aseptic technique and precise needle placement may reduce the frequency with which complications occur.