Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova 35131, Italy; Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), CNR, Venezia, Italy.
Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova 35131, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Fano Marine Centre, Viale Adriatico 1/N, Fano 61032, Italy.
Aquat Toxicol. 2022 Jul;248:106208. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106208. Epub 2022 May 23.
In marine organisms, differing degree of sensitivity to ocean acidification (OA) is expected for each life stage, and disturbance at one stage can carry over into the following stage or following generation. In this study we investigated phenotypic changes of sperm and larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in response to different pH conditions (8.0, 7.7, 7.4) experienced by the parents during gametogenesis. In sperm from two-months exposed males, sperm motility, velocity, ATP content, ATP consumption and respiration rate were evaluated at three pH values of the activating medium (8.0, 7.7 and 7.4). Moreover, larvae from each parental group were reared at pH 8.0 and 7.7 for 20 days and larval mortality and growth were then assessed. Sperm motility and respiration rate were not affected either by exposure of males to low pH or by the post-activation pH. Sperm velocity did not differ among post-activation pH values in all sperm groups, but it decreased slower in sperm developed under acidified conditions, suggesting the presence of positive carryover effect on sperm longevity. This positive carryover effect of exposure of males to low pH values was highlighted also for the sperm ATP content, which was higher in these groups of sperm. ATP consumption rate was affected by post-activation pH with higher values at pH 8.0 in sperm from males maintained at control condition and pH 7.7 while the energy consumption appeared to be differently modulated at different experimental conditions. A negative carry over effect of OA was observed on survival of larvae from parents acclimated at pH 7.4 and additive negative effects of both parental and larval exposure to low pH can be suggested. In all groups of larvae, decreased somatic growth was observed at low rearing pH, thus larvae from parents maintained at low pH did not show an increased capability to cope with OA.
在海洋生物中，不同生命阶段对海洋酸化（OA）的敏感程度不同，一个阶段的干扰可能会传递到下一个阶段或下一代。在这项研究中，我们研究了海胆 Paracentrotus lividus 的精子和幼虫的表型变化，以响应亲代在配子发生过程中经历的不同 pH 值条件（8.0、7.7、7.4）。在暴露于两个月的雄性精子中，在激活介质的三个 pH 值（8.0、7.7 和 7.4）下评估了精子的运动性、速度、ATP 含量、ATP 消耗和呼吸率。此外，从每个亲本组的幼虫在 pH 8.0 和 7.7 下饲养 20 天，然后评估幼虫死亡率和生长。暴露于低 pH 值的雄性的精子运动性和呼吸率或激活后的 pH 值均不受影响。在所有精子组中，激活后 pH 值之间的精子速度没有差异，但在酸化条件下发育的精子中速度下降较慢，这表明精子长寿存在正向传递效应。这种雄性暴露于低 pH 值的正向传递效应也在这些精子组的精子 ATP 含量中得到了突出，这些精子的 ATP 含量较高。ATP 消耗率受激活后 pH 值的影响，在对照组和 pH 7.7 中，精子的消耗率较高，而在不同实验条件下，能量消耗似乎受到不同的调节。在 pH 7.4 下适应的亲代幼虫的存活率观察到 OA 的负传递效应，并且可以建议亲代和幼虫暴露于低 pH 值的附加负效应。在所有幼虫组中，在低饲养 pH 值下观察到身体生长减少，因此在低 pH 值下维持的亲代幼虫没有显示出增加应对 OA 的能力。
