Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Aug 15;782:146888. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146888. Epub 2021 Apr 1.
The aim of this work was to estimate the potential risk of the combined effect of global change factors (acidification, temperature increase) and microplastic (MP) pollution on the growth and development of the sea urchin P. lividus. Embryo-larval bioassays were conducted to determine growth and morphology after 48 h of incubation with MP (1000 and 3000 particles/mL); with filtered sea water at pH = 7.6; and with their combinations. A second experiment was conducted to study the effect of pH and MP in combination with a temperature increase of 4 °C compared to control (20 °C). We found that the inhibition of growth in embryos reared at pH = 7.6 was around 75%. Larvae incubated at 3000 MP particles/mL showed a 20% decrease in growth compared to controls. The exposure to MP also induced an increase in the postoral arm separation or rounded vertices. The combined exposure to a pH 7.6 and MP caused a significant decrease of larval growth compared to control, to MP and to pH 7.6 treatments. Morphological alterations were observed in these treatments, including the development of only two arms. Increasing the temperature resulted in an increased growth in control, in pH 7.6 and pH 7.6 + MP3000 treatments, but the relative stomach volume decreased. However, when growth parameters were expressed per Degree-Days the lower growth provoked by the thermal stress was evidenced in all treatments. In this work we demonstrated that MP could aggravate the effect of a decreased pH and that an increase in water temperature generated an additional stress on P. lividus larvae, manifested in a lower growth and an altered development. Therefore, the combined stress caused by ocean warming, ocean acidification, and microplastic pollution, could threaten sea urchin populations leading to a potential impact on coastal ecosystems.
本研究旨在评估全球变化因素（酸化、温度升高）与微塑料（MP）污染联合作用对海胆 P. lividus 生长发育的潜在风险。通过胚胎-幼体生物测定法，在孵育 48 小时后，用 MP（1000 和 3000 个颗粒/mL）、经过滤的 pH = 7.6 的海水以及它们的组合处理胚胎-幼体，以确定其生长和形态。进行了第二项实验，以研究与对照（20°C）相比，pH 和 MP 联合与温度升高 4°C 的组合对海胆的影响。我们发现，在 pH = 7.6 条件下饲养的胚胎生长受到抑制，抑制率约为 75%。与对照组相比，在 3000 个 MP 颗粒/mL 条件下孵育的幼虫生长速度下降了 20%。MP 的暴露还会导致口后臂分离或顶角变圆。与对照组、MP 处理组和 pH = 7.6 处理组相比，同时暴露于 pH = 7.6 和 MP 会导致幼虫生长显著下降。在这些处理中观察到形态改变，包括仅发育出两个臂。在对照组、pH = 7.6 组和 pH = 7.6 + MP3000 组中，温度升高会导致生长增加，但相对胃体积减小。然而，当用度日表示生长参数时，所有处理中都证明了热应激导致的生长下降。在这项工作中，我们证明了 MP 可能会加剧 pH 值降低的影响，并且水温升高会对 P. lividus 幼虫产生额外的压力，表现为生长速度降低和发育异常。因此，海洋变暖、海洋酸化和微塑料污染的联合压力可能会威胁海胆种群，从而对沿海生态系统产生潜在影响。
