Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Deutscher Fußball-Bund, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
J Sports Sci. 2022 Jun;40(12):1412-1425. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2081405. Epub 2022 May 31.
This study describes an approach to evaluate the off-ball behaviour of attacking players in association football. The aim was to implement a defensive pressure model to examine an offensive player's ability to create separation from a defender using 1411 high-intensity off-ball actions including 988 Deep Runs (DRs) DRs and 423 Change of Directions (CODs). Twenty-two official matches (14 competitive matches and 8 friendlies) of the German National Team were included in the research. To validate the effectiveness of the pressure model, each pass (n = 25,418) was evaluated for defensive pressure on the receiver at the moment of the pass and for the pass completion rate (R = -.34, p < .001). Next, after assessing the inter-rater reliability (Fleiss Kappa of 80 for DRs and 78 for CODs), three expert raters annotated all DRs and CODs that met the pre-set criteria. A time-series analysis of each DR and COD was calculated to the nearest 0.1 second, finding a slight increase in pressure from the start to the end of the off-ball actions as defenders re-established proximity to the attacker after separation was created. A linear mixed model using run type (DR or COD) as a fixed effect with the local maximum as a fixed effect on a continuous scale resulted in p < 0.001, d = 4.81, CI = 0.63 to 0.67 for the greatest decrease in pressure, p < 0.001, d = 0.143, CI = 9.18 to 10.61 for length of the longest decrease in pressure, and p < 0.001, d = 1.13, CI = 0.90 to 1.11 for the fastest rate of decrease in pressure. As these values pertain to the local maximum, situations with greater starting pressure on the attacker often led to greater subsequent decreases. Furthermore, there was a significant (p < .0001) difference between offensive and defensive positions and the number of off-ball actions. Results suggest the model can be applied to quantify and visualise the pressure exerted on non-ball-possessing players. This approach can be combined with other methods of match analysis, providing practitioners with new opportunities to measure tactical performance in football.
本研究描述了一种评估足球中进攻球员无球行为的方法。目的是实施一种防守压力模型，通过 1411 次高强度无球动作（包括 988 次深跑（DR）和 423 次变向（COD）），来检查进攻球员创造与防守球员之间距离的能力。研究纳入了德国国家队的 22 场正式比赛（14 场比赛和 8 场友谊赛）。为了验证压力模型的有效性，评估了每个传球（n=25418）在传球瞬间对接球者的防守压力以及传球成功率（R=-.34，p<.001）。然后，在评估了评分者间信度（DR 的 Fleiss Kappa 为 80，COD 的为 78）之后，三名专家评分者对所有符合预设标准的 DR 和 COD 进行了注释。对每个 DR 和 COD 进行了时间序列分析，时间精度为最近 0.1 秒，发现随着防守者在创造出分离后重新接近攻击者，无球动作的压力从开始到结束略有增加。使用运行类型（DR 或 COD）作为固定效应，以连续尺度上的局部最大值作为固定效应的线性混合模型，结果为 p<.001，d=4.81，CI=0.63 至 0.67，这是压力最大的下降，p<.001，d=0.143，CI=9.18 至 10.61，这是压力最长的下降长度，p<.001，d=1.13，CI=0.90 至 1.11，这是压力下降的最快速度。由于这些值与局部最大值有关，因此对攻击者的初始压力较大的情况通常会导致随后的压力下降更大。此外，进攻和防守位置以及无球动作的数量之间存在显著差异（p<.0001）。结果表明，该模型可用于量化和可视化对非控球球员施加的压力。这种方法可以与其他比赛分析方法相结合，为从业者提供测量足球战术表现的新机会。
