Konkor Irenius, Luginaah Isaac, Husbands Winston, Omorodion Francisca, Antabe Roger, Wong Josephine, Kuuire Vincent, Mkandawire Paul, Etowa Josephine
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Mississauga Campus, Canada.
Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, Canada.
J Migr Health. 2022 May 26;6:100119. doi: 10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100119. eCollection 2022.
Canada became a preferred destination for many non-European and non-American migrants since the introduction of favorable immigration policies in the late 1960 s. Blackimmigrants from the African and Caribbean regions however are a known vulnerable population to HIV infection in Canada. Even though first-generation immigrants might differ from subsequent generations in terms of culture and beliefs which are important for health outcomes and behaviors, research examining disparities in their use of preventative healthcare is limited. This study aimed to examine generational disparities in the uptake of HIV screening services among a sample of heterosexual Black men in Ontario, Canada.
We used data from a cross-sectional survey sample ( = 829) that was collected from heterosexual Black men in four Ontarian cities (Toronto, Ottawa, London and Windsor) between March 2018 and February 2019. We used the negative log-log link function of the binomial family to examine the independent relationship between immigration status and the uptake of HIV testing and the cumulative effect of other predictor variables on HIV testing in nested models.
Findings from multivariate analysis show second-generation immigrants were significantly less likely to test for HIV compared with their first-generation immigrant counterparts. After controlling for theoretically relevant variables, the second-generation immigrants were 53% less likely to test for HIV. We further observed that participants with good knowledge of HIV transmission (OR=1.05; > 0.05) and those who were older were more likely to test for HIV. Those with masculine tendencies (OR=0.98; > 0.05) and those who reported not having sexual partner were less likely to test (OR=0.57; > 0.01). Religion emerged as a significant predictor of HIV testing as Christians (OR=1.62; > 0.05) and other believers (OR=1.59; > 0.05) were more likely to test for HIV when compared to their Muslim counterparts.
HIV prevention policies may need not only prioritize first-generation immigrants, but the wellbeing of their descendants as well. This could be achieved by implementing programs that will enhance second-generation immigrants' use of HIV screening services. Additionally, HIV educational programs would be of relevance and especially so as respondents with good knowledge of HIV transmission consistently demonstrated higher likelihood of testing for their HIV status.
自20世纪60年代末加拿大出台优惠移民政策以来，它成为了许多非欧洲和非美国移民的首选目的地。然而，来自非洲和加勒比地区的黑人移民在加拿大是已知的易感染艾滋病毒的弱势群体。尽管第一代移民在文化和信仰方面可能与后代不同，而文化和信仰对健康结果及行为很重要，但研究他们在预防性医疗保健使用方面的差异的研究有限。本研究旨在调查加拿大安大略省异性恋黑人男性样本中艾滋病毒筛查服务接受情况的代际差异。
我们使用了一个横断面调查样本（n = 829）的数据，该样本于2018年3月至2019年2月从安大略省四个城市（多伦多、渥太华、伦敦和温莎）的异性恋黑人男性中收集。我们使用二项分布族的负对数-对数链接函数来检验移民身份与艾滋病毒检测接受情况之间的独立关系，以及在嵌套模型中其他预测变量对艾滋病毒检测的累积影响。
多变量分析结果显示，与第一代移民相比，第二代移民进行艾滋病毒检测的可能性显著降低。在控制了理论上相关的变量后，第二代移民进行艾滋病毒检测的可能性降低了53%。我们进一步观察到，对艾滋病毒传播有充分了解的参与者（OR = 1.05；p > 0.05）以及年龄较大的参与者更有可能进行艾滋病毒检测。有男性化倾向的参与者（OR = 0.98；p > 0.05）以及报告没有性伴侣的参与者进行检测的可能性较小（OR = 0.57；p > 0.01）。宗教成为艾滋病毒检测的一个重要预测因素，因为与穆斯林相比，基督教徒（OR = 1.62；p > 0.05）和其他信徒（OR = 1.59；p > 0.05）进行艾滋病毒检测的可能性更大。
艾滋病毒预防政策可能不仅需要优先考虑第一代移民，还需要关注他们后代的福祉。这可以通过实施能够提高第二代移民对艾滋病毒筛查服务使用率的项目来实现。此外，艾滋病毒教育项目将具有相关性，特别是因为对艾滋病毒传播有充分了解的受访者始终表现出更高的检测艾滋病毒感染状况的可能性。
