Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
Animal. 2022 Jun;16(6):100555. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100555. Epub 2022 Jun 7.
Transportation of cattle is necessary but negatively impacts animal health and production efficiency. To gain a better understanding of the physiological responses to long-distance road transit, 36 crossbred beef steers (324 ± 36 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments (n = 12 steers/treatment): no transit and ad libitum access to feed and water (CON), no transit but deprived of feed and water for 18 h (DEPR), or road transit and no access to feed or water for 18 h (1 790 km; TRANS). Blood, liver, and muscle (longissimus dorsi) samples were collected pre- and post-treatment for analysis of blood metabolites, blood leukocyte profiles, blood markers of oxidative stress, and tissue antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, discovery-based metabolomics and proteomics analyses were performed on tissue samples collected immediately post-treatment (d 1). Data (except for omics) were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS 9.4 with the fixed effect of treatment and steer as the experimental unit. Omics data were analyzed using MetaboAnalyst; metabolites and proteins of interest were identified based on a fold change threshold of 1.20 and t-test P-value of 0.10. On d 1, percent of pretreatment BW and DM intake were least for TRANS steers (P ≤ 0.06). Percent of pretreatment BW remained lesser for TRANS steers on d 8 (P = 0.05). Serum haptoglobin was greatest for TRANS steers immediately post-treatment (P = 0.02). Additionally, TRANS steers exhibited the greatest increase in the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and serum non-esterified fatty acids during the treatment period (P < 0.01), indicating TRANS steers experienced a more robust inflammatory and neuroendocrine response. Immediately post-treatment, liver superoxide dismutase activity tended to be greatest for both DEPR and TRANS (P = 0.07) while muscle superoxide dismutase activity was only greatest for TRANS (P = 0.02), suggesting TRANS steers may have experienced more oxidative stress due to the additional physical effort required to stand and maintain balance during transit. The abundance of several proteins (alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein) and metabolites (lactate, citrate, tri-hydroxybutyric acid, and leucine) associated with energy metabolism were altered in the liver and muscle of TRANS. The differential responses for DEPR versus TRANS steers indicate muscle plays an important role in how cattle respond to and recover from transportation stress.
牛的运输是必要的，但会对动物的健康和生产效率产生负面影响。为了更好地了解长途公路运输对生理的反应，36 头杂交肉牛（324±36kg）被随机分配到以下处理组（每组 12 头牛）：无运输且自由采食和饮水（CON）、无运输但禁食禁水 18 小时（DEPR）或公路运输且禁食禁水 18 小时（1790km；TRANS）。在处理前和处理后采集血液、肝脏和肌肉（背最长肌）样本，用于分析血液代谢物、血液白细胞谱、血液氧化应激标志物和组织抗氧化酶活性。此外，还对处理后立即采集的组织样本进行基于发现的代谢组学和蛋白质组学分析（d1）。除了组学数据外，其他数据均使用 SAS 9.4 中的 ProcMixed 进行分析，处理和牛作为实验单位的固定效应。组学数据使用 MetaboAnalyst 进行分析；根据 1.20 的倍数变化阈值和 t 检验 P 值 0.10 确定感兴趣的代谢物和蛋白质。在 d1 时，TRANS 牛的预处理 BW 和 DM 采食量最低（P≤0.06）。在 d8 时，TRANS 牛的预处理 BW 仍然较低（P=0.05）。处理后即刻，TRANS 牛的血清结合珠蛋白含量最高（P=0.02）。此外，在处理期间，TRANS 牛的中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值和血清非酯化脂肪酸增加最多（P<0.01），表明 TRANS 牛经历了更强烈的炎症和神经内分泌反应。处理后即刻，DEPR 和 TRANS 牛的肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性均有升高趋势（P=0.07），而肌肉超氧化物歧化酶活性仅在 TRANS 牛中升高（P=0.02），表明 TRANS 牛在运输过程中需要额外的体力来站立和保持平衡，可能经历了更多的氧化应激。与能量代谢相关的几种蛋白质（α-2-HS-糖蛋白）和代谢物（乳酸、柠檬酸、三羟丁酸和亮氨酸）在肝脏和肌肉中的丰度发生了改变。DEPR 与 TRANS 牛的差异反应表明，肌肉在牛对运输应激的反应和恢复中起着重要作用。
