Retrograde Approach to Maxillary Nerve Block: An Alternative in Orofacial Surgeries in Horses.

The aim of this study was to retrospectively report outcomes resulting from the approach to the maxillary nerve block (MNB) through the infraorbital canal, in terms of needles selection, drawbacks or side effects during or after block execution, and analgesic efficacy leading to clinical and cardiovascular stability during surgery. Anesthetic records of 15 horses undergoing orofacial surgery in standing analgo-sedation (STA, = 6) and in general anesthesia (GEN, = 9) were retrieved and analyzed. Horses in group STA required surgery for dental extraction, nasal polyp resection and maxillary/frontal sinusitis. Horses in group GEN underwent surgery for fronto-maxillary, nasal and dental diseases. Size 19 and 20 G Tuohy needles were used in adult horses weighing 350-600 kg, while size 21 and 22 G were used in younger horses or ponies. None of the horses in both groups showed complications related to the block and physiological parameters were stable and within normal ranges during surgery; overall, an adequate anesthetic/sedation depth was achieved. Our results confirm the in vivo applicability of the MNB approached within the infraorbital canal, which had been described only on cadaveric specimens. The retrograde technique resulted in a valid and easy approach to the maxillary nerve that avoids damage to periorbital structures and side effects reported with traditional techniques.