Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' Models to Improve Late-stage Chronic Kidney Disease and End-stage Renal Disease Care: Leveraging Nephrology Payment Policy to Achieve Value.

This article describes two new and complementary initiatives from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services-the ESRD Treatment Choices and Kidney Care Choices Models-which focus on Medicare beneficiaries with CKD and ESRD. These models, or time-limited tests, are aimed at testing whether modifying Medicare payment methodologies, while also rewarding certain clinical outcomes, will improve treatment and outcomes and reduce costs. Together, these initiatives comprise a major part of the larger federal effort to improve the lives of people with kidney disease. The goal of the ESRD Treatment Choices Model is to maintain or improve quality while reducing cost by incentivizing greater use of home dialysis and kidney transplantation. The model aims to do so by adjusting certain payments to nephrologists and other clinicians managing beneficiaries with ESRD (managing clinicians) and ESRD facilities selected to participate in the model. The Kidney Care Choices Model aims to maintain or improve quality while reducing cost through better coordination of care across a larger spectrum of kidney disease, focusing on beneficiaries with CKD stages 4 and 5 and ESRD, to delay the onset of ESRD and improve the transition for Medicare beneficiaries facing the prospect of dialysis. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services is hopeful that these models will inform the future direction of payment policy for this critical Medicare population.