Lopes M Aparecida, Ferrari Stephen F
Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66.075-900 Belém-PA, Brazil, and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0421, U.S.A., email
Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66.075-900 Belém-PA, Brazil.
Conserv Biol. 2000 Dec 18;14(6):1658-1665. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.98402.x.
With its long history of colonization, eastern Amazonia has the highest population density in Brazilian Amazonia and represents the typical pattern of recent human occupation. Between 1991 and 1995, we surveyed the mammalian fauna at five sites, representing different degrees of human disturbance. We used line transects (1511 km surveyed) to describe differences in diversity and abundance at each site and to evaluate the effects of environmental factors. Twenty-two of the expected 44 species were recorded during surveys, but no more than 18 were recorded at any one site, and only 3 species were observed at all five sites. Despite a minimum transect length of 202 km, most species were recorded relatively infrequently at all sites, although overall sighting rates at different sites varied by more than 100%. Between-site differences were even more pronounced when we compared specific groups (e.g., arboreal, terrestrial, game, nongame), reflecting the differential effects of factors such as hunting, logging, and forest clearing. In general terms, species diversity, abundance, total biomass, and mean biomass all tended to decrease with increasing human disturbance. Two more specific patterns were also distinguished: decreasing abundance and biomass of game species with increasing hunting pressure and increasing abundance of nongame species with increasing forest disturbance. Intense hunting pressure alone may have deleterious short-term effects on abundance, but not necessarily on diversity, whereas prolonged hunting pressure, combined with forest clearing, results in marked distortions in the mammalian community. Overall, the study emphasizes the relative paucity of the mammalian fauna of eastern Amazonia, in terms of both species diversity and abundance, and its vulnerability to the ongoing process of human colonization in the region.
由于有着悠久的殖民历史，亚马孙地区东部是巴西亚马孙地区人口密度最高的地方，代表了近期人类居住的典型模式。在1991年至1995年期间，我们在五个代表不同程度人类干扰的地点对哺乳动物群进行了调查。我们使用样线（共调查了1511千米）来描述每个地点的多样性和丰度差异，并评估环境因素的影响。在调查中记录到了预期的44种中的22种，但在任何一个地点记录到的都不超过18种，且在所有五个地点都观察到的只有3种。尽管样线的最短长度为202千米，但大多数物种在所有地点的记录都相对较少，不过不同地点的总体目击率相差超过100%。当我们比较特定类群（如树栖类、陆栖类、猎物类、非猎物类）时，地点间的差异更为明显，这反映了狩猎、伐木和森林砍伐等因素的不同影响。总体而言，物种多样性、丰度、总生物量和平均生物量都倾向于随着人类干扰的增加而减少。还区分出了另外两种更具体的模式：随着狩猎压力增加，猎物物种的丰度和生物量减少；随着森林干扰增加，非猎物物种的丰度增加。仅强烈的狩猎压力可能在短期内对丰度有有害影响，但不一定对多样性有影响，而长期的狩猎压力加上森林砍伐，会导致哺乳动物群落出现明显扭曲。总体而言，该研究强调了亚马孙地区东部哺乳动物群在物种多样性和丰度方面相对匮乏，以及其在该地区人类殖民化进程中易受影响的状况。
