Hanif Naeema, Wu Hezhou, Xu Peizhou, Li Yun, Bibi Amir, Zulfiqar Asma, Iqbal Muhammad Zafar, Tahir Muhammad, Zhang Xiangyang, Ali Asif
State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022 Feb 11;44(2):867-888. doi: 10.3390/cimb44020059.
The destruction of β-cells of the pancreas leads to either insulin shortage or the complete absence of insulin, which in turn causes diabetes Mellitus. For treating diabetes, many trials have been conducted since the 19th century until now. In ancient times, insulin from an animal's extract was taken to treat human beings. However, this resulted in some serious allergic reactions. Therefore, scientists and researchers have tried their best to find alternative ways for managing diabetes with progressive advancements in biotechnology. However, a lot of research trials have been conducted, and they discovered more progressed strategies and approaches to treat type I and II diabetes with satisfaction. Still, investigators are finding more appropriate ways to treat diabetes accurately. They formulated insulin analogs that mimic the naturally produced human insulin through recombinant DNA technology and devised many methods for appropriate delivery of insulin. This review will address the following questions: What is insulin preparation? How were these devised and what are the impacts (both positive and negative) of such insulin analogs against TIDM (type-I diabetes mellitus) and TIIDM (type-II diabetes mellitus)? This review article will also demonstrate approaches for the delivery of insulin analogs into the human body and some future directions for further improvement of insulin treatment.
胰腺β细胞的破坏会导致胰岛素短缺或完全缺乏胰岛素，进而引发糖尿病。自19世纪至今，为治疗糖尿病已进行了许多试验。在古代，人们采用动物提取物中的胰岛素来治疗人类。然而，这引发了一些严重的过敏反应。因此，随着生物技术的不断进步，科学家和研究人员一直在努力寻找治疗糖尿病的替代方法。尽管已经进行了大量研究试验，并且发现了更多令人满意的治疗I型和II型糖尿病的先进策略和方法，但研究人员仍在寻找更合适的方法来准确治疗糖尿病。他们通过重组DNA技术制备了模拟天然人胰岛素的胰岛素类似物，并设计了多种胰岛素的合适给药方法。本综述将探讨以下问题：什么是胰岛素制剂？这些制剂是如何设计的，以及此类胰岛素类似物对I型糖尿病（TIDM）和II型糖尿病（TIIDM）有哪些（正面和负面）影响？本文还将展示胰岛素类似物进入人体的给药方法以及胰岛素治疗进一步改进的一些未来方向。
