de Gonzaga Gawryszewski L, Riggio L, Rizzolatti G, Umiltá C
Neuropsychologia. 1987;25(1A):19-29. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(87)90040-6.
Six experiments were conducted to examine the effect of various attentional manipulations on reaction time to visual stimuli. The first three experiments compared the responses to stimuli presented in the depth (Experiment 1), along the horizontal (Experiment 2), and vertical (Experiment 3) meridians in a valid condition (stimulus presented in the cued position), an invalid condition (stimulus presented in the alternative position to the cued position) and a neutral condition (no information on stimulus position). The most interesting result was the demonstration that attention can be moved along the sagittal plane in the absence of vergence eye movements and that when attention is focused on a certain point, unattended points between this point and the observer (i.e. near points) are responded faster than unattended points beyond it (i.e. far points). In the frontal plane no asymmetry was found between the responses to unattended points above or below the fixation, whereas a certain, albeit non-constant, advantage was present for unattended stimuli on the right of the fixation point in respect to those on the left of it. The second series of experiments was similar to the first one, except that a new situation was introduced in which the fixation point was cued and stimuli could appear either in correspondence to it or in a peripheral position (invalid condition with attention at the fixation point). The results showed that in this new situation the responses to unattended stimuli are much longer than they are under neutral conditions, and as long as they are under conventional invalid condition. It is suggested that the so called neutral condition is a condition of diffuse attention and an attempt is made to explain it in terms of a premotor theory of attention.
进行了六项实验，以检验各种注意力操纵对视觉刺激反应时间的影响。前三项实验比较了在有效条件（刺激呈现于提示位置）、无效条件（刺激呈现于提示位置的替代位置）和中性条件（无刺激位置信息）下，对呈现于深度方向（实验1）、水平方向（实验2）和垂直方向（实验3）子午线上的刺激的反应。最有趣的结果是证明了注意力可以在没有眼球聚散运动的情况下沿矢状面移动，并且当注意力集中在某一点时，该点与观察者之间的未被注意的点（即近点）的反应比该点之外的未被注意的点（即远点）更快。在额平面上，对注视点上方或下方未被注意的点的反应之间未发现不对称性，而相对于注视点左侧的未被注意的刺激，注视点右侧的未被注意的刺激存在一定的（尽管不是恒定的）优势。第二组实验与第一组相似，只是引入了一种新情况，即提示了注视点，刺激可以出现在与注视点对应的位置或周边位置（注意力在注视点时的无效条件）。结果表明，在这种新情况下，对未被注意的刺激的反应比在中性条件下长得多，并且与在传统无效条件下一样长。有人提出，所谓的中性条件是一种分散注意力的条件，并试图根据注意力的运动前理论对其进行解释。
