Different Kraft lignin sources for electrospun nanostructures production: Influence of chemical structure and composition.

This work focuses on the structural features and physicochemical properties of different Kraft lignins and how they can influence the electrospinning process to obtain nanostructures. Structural features of Kraft lignins were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, size exclusion chromatography, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis, whereas chemical composition was analyzed by standard method. The addition of cellulose acetate (CA) improves the electrospinning process of Kraft lignins (KL). Thus, solutions of KL/CA at 30 wt% with a KL:CA weight ratio of 70:30 were prepared and then physicochemical and rheologically characterized. The morphology of electrospun nanostructures depends on the intrinsic properties of the solutions and the chemical structure and composition of Kraft lignins. Then, surface tension, electrical conductivity and viscosity of eucalypt/CA and poplar/CA solutions were suitable to obtain electrospun nanostructures based on uniform cross-linked nanofibers with a few beaded fibers. It could be related with the higher purity and higher linear structure, phenolic content and S/G ratios of lignin samples. However, the higher values of electrical conductivity and viscosity of OTP/CA solutions resulted in electrospun nanostructure with micro-sized particles connected by thin fibers, due to a lower purity, S/G ratio and phenolic content and higher branched structure in OTP lignin.