Groundwater quality and human health risk assessment in selected coastal and floodplain areas of Bangladesh.

Groundwater aquifers are a common source of drinking water in Bangladesh. However, groundwater contamination is a major public health concern across the country. This research aims to examine the groundwater quality and health concerns using a random sampling process. Multivariate statistical and health risk analyses of elements were performed to determine the source of contaminants and their effects on human health. A total of 24 parameters were analyzed, where Na, NH, K, Mg, F, NO, Mn, Fe, Se, U, and As concentrations were found to be high in different sampling points compared to the Department of Environment of Bangladesh (DoE), and the World Health Organization (WHO) groundwater quality standards. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) identified the dominant and potential sources of contaminants in the groundwater aquifer, including geogenic, salinity intrusion, industrial, and agricultural. The results of the degree of contamination level (C) and the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) showed that 28% and 12% of the sampling points had high levels of heavy metal contamination, indicating a high risk for human health issues. Cr concentrations were found to have a higher carcinogenic (cancer) risk than As and Cd concentrations. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) scores expressed the hazardous status and possible chronic effects in the context of individual sampling points. For both child and adults, 44% and 36% of the sampling points had a high HI score, indicating the possibility of long-term health risks for local populations.