City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 W. 125th Street, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2022 Jul;83(1):67-76. doi: 10.1007/s00244-022-00942-7. Epub 2022 Jun 27.
The purpose of this study was to examine the spatial distribution and potential anthropogenic sources of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in surface soils throughout Brooklyn, NY. We collected soil samples (n = 1,373) from 176 different New York City parks. Samples were analyzed ex-situ using a portable X-ray fluorescence with a subset of samples laboratory confirmed. The effect of multiple sources on concentrations were determined by multivariable linear regression with generalized estimating equations. Median concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn were 108 ppm, 145 ppm, 49 ppm, 14,034 ppm, and 279 ppm, respectively. All metals were significantly correlated with one another (p < 0.001), with the strength of the correlation ranging from a low of approximately ρ = 0.3 (Pb-Mn and Zn-Mn) to a high of ρ = 0.7 (Pb-Cu). In final multivariate modeling significant association were observed between scrap yards and Mn concentration (β = 0.075, 0.019), National Priorities List (NPL) sites and Pb, Fe and Mn (β = 0.134, p = 0.004; β = 0.038, p = 0.014; β = 0.057, p = 0.037, respectively), and bridges nearby and Pb and Zn (β = 0.106, p = 0.003; β = 0.076, p = 0.026, respectively). Although manufacturing and industry have mostly left the area, smaller scrap metal recyclers are abundant and associated with increased Cu and Mn soil concentrations. In addition, NPL sites contributed to increased concentrations of all five metals within 800 m. Roadways have long been established to be sources of urban pollution; however, in our study we also found the presence of bridges within 800 m were also strongly predictive of increased Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations.
本研究旨在探讨纽约布鲁克林市表层土壤中铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、锰（Mn）和铁（Fe）的空间分布和潜在人为来源。我们从纽约市 176 个不同的公园中采集了 1373 个土壤样本。样本在现场使用便携式 X 射线荧光光谱仪进行分析，部分样本在实验室中进行了确认。通过使用广义估计方程的多变量线性回归，确定了多种来源对浓度的影响。Pb、Zn、Cu、Fe 和 Mn 的中位数浓度分别为 108ppm、145ppm、49ppm、14034ppm 和 279ppm。所有金属之间均呈显著相关（p<0.001），相关强度从低至约ρ=0.3（Pb-Mn 和 Zn-Mn）到高至ρ=0.7（Pb-Cu）不等。在最终的多元模型中，废金属回收站与 Mn 浓度（β=0.075，0.019）、国家优先名单（NPL）场地与 Pb、Fe 和 Mn（β=0.134，p=0.004；β=0.038，p=0.014；β=0.057，p=0.037）之间存在显著关联，而附近的桥梁与 Pb 和 Zn（β=0.106，p=0.003；β=0.076，p=0.026）之间也存在显著关联。尽管制造业和工业已基本离开该地区，但小型废金属回收商数量众多，这与 Cu 和 Mn 土壤浓度的增加有关。此外，NPL 场地对 800m 范围内所有五种金属浓度的增加都有贡献。道路长期以来一直被认为是城市污染的来源；然而，在我们的研究中，我们还发现 800m 范围内存在桥梁也与 Pb、Cu 和 Zn 浓度的增加密切相关。
