Thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a function of temperature and water activity in fine ground black pepper.

Fine ground black pepper generally consumed as a seasoning without any further processing has been associated with Salmonella enterica outbreaks. Thermal inactivation kinetics data is necessary to develop a pasteurization process for fine ground black pepper. This study investigates the influence of temperature and water activity on thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella in fine ground black pepper. It also assesses the suitability of Enterococcus faecium as a surrogate for Salmonella. Fine ground black pepper of varying water activities, a (0.40, 0.55, 0.70) was subjected to isothermal treatments at different temperatures (65-80 °C) for five equidistant time points with intervals ranging from 18 s to 250 min. The survival data were used to fit two primary models (log-linear and Weibull) and two secondary models (response surface and Modified Bigelow). Results indicated that among the two primary models, the Weibull model explained the thermal inactivation kinetics better with lower RMSE (0.24 - 0.56 log CFU/g) and AIC values at all a and temperatures. Water activity and treatment temperature significantly enhanced the thermal inactivation of Salmonella. E. faecium NRRL B-2354 was found to be a suitable surrogate for Salmonella in fine ground black pepper at all tested treatment conditions. The developed modified Bigelow model based on the Weibull model could be applied to predict the inactivation kinetics of Salmonella in black pepper and would benefit the spice industry in identifying process parameters for thermal pasteurization of fine ground black pepper.