Department of Ecoscience, Marine Mammal Research, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
Department of Biology, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2022 Jun;151(6):4252. doi: 10.1121/10.0011560.
Intense sound sources, such as pile driving, airguns, and military sonars, have the potential to inflict hearing loss in marine mammals and are, therefore, regulated in many countries. The most recent criteria for noise induced hearing loss are based on empirical data collected until 2015 and recommend frequency-weighted and species group-specific thresholds to predict the onset of temporary threshold shift (TTS). Here, evidence made available after 2015 in light of the current criteria for two functional hearing groups is reviewed. For impulsive sounds (from pile driving and air guns), there is strong support for the current threshold for very high frequency cetaceans, including harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Less strong support also exists for the threshold for phocid seals in water, including harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). For non-impulsive sounds, there is good correspondence between exposure functions and empirical thresholds below 10 kHz for porpoises (applicable to assessment and regulation of military sonars) and between 3 and 16 kHz for seals. Above 10 kHz for porpoises and outside of the range 3-16 kHz for seals, there are substantial differences (up to 35 dB) between the predicted thresholds for TTS and empirical results. These discrepancies call for further studies.
强烈的声源，如打桩、空气枪和军事声纳，有可能对海洋哺乳动物造成听力损失，因此在许多国家受到监管。最新的噪声致听力损失标准基于截至 2015 年收集的经验数据，并建议使用频率加权和物种组特定的阈值来预测暂时阈移（TTS）的发生。在这里，根据当前标准，对两个功能听力组在 2015 年后提供的证据进行了审查。对于脉冲噪声（来自打桩和空气枪），强烈支持当前的极高频率鲸类（包括港湾鼠海豚）的阈值，包括港湾鼠海豚（Phocoena phocoena）。对于水中的海豹，包括港湾海豹（Phoca vitulina），也有较弱的支持。对于非脉冲噪声，在 10 kHz 以下，海豚的暴露函数和经验阈值之间有很好的对应关系（适用于军事声纳的评估和监管），在 3 到 16 kHz 之间，海豹也有很好的对应关系。对于海豚，在 10 kHz 以上，对于海豹，在 3 到 16 kHz 之外，TTS 的预测阈值和经验结果之间存在很大差异（高达 35 dB）。这些差异需要进一步研究。
