Fadaei Abdolmajid
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
Rev Environ Health. 2022 Jul 4;38(4):601-611. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0064. Print 2023 Dec 15.
Contamination by heavy metals and toxic elements in children's toys and jewelry is an ongoing challenge in different countries. These contaminants can enter the children's body via oral, dermal, and respiratory routes, leading to adverse health effects. This study aimed to investigate the present levels of contamination in children's toys and jewelry in 15 countries, including UK, Saudi Arabia, Cambodia, China, Kosovo, Nigeria, North American, Kazakhstan, UAE, Pakistan, Iraq, Israel, West Bank/Palestine, Czech Republic, and Turkey. In this review, the legislation and recommendation of the United States (U.S.), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Turkish Standards Institute (TSE), Canada, and the European Union (E.U.) on toxic elements in toys and jewelry are introduced. Plastic or metallic toys and children's jewelry still have the most severe toxic elements pollution and the existence of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), barium (Ba), Zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens, azo dyes, and flame retardants has been regarded as an ongoing challenge in these articles. Finally, this review offers benchmarking of the concentrations of toxic elements in all types of children's toys and jewelry in different nations.
儿童玩具和珠宝中的重金属及有毒元素污染在不同国家一直是一项挑战。这些污染物可通过口腔、皮肤和呼吸道进入儿童体内，对健康产生不良影响。本研究旨在调查包括英国、沙特阿拉伯、柬埔寨、中国、科索沃、尼日利亚、北美、哈萨克斯坦、阿联酋、巴基斯坦、伊拉克、以色列、约旦河西岸/巴勒斯坦、捷克共和国和土耳其在内的15个国家儿童玩具和珠宝的当前污染水平。在这篇综述中，介绍了美国、印度标准局（BIS）、土耳其标准协会（TSE）、加拿大和欧盟（E.U.）关于玩具和珠宝中有毒元素的立法和建议。塑料或金属玩具以及儿童珠宝仍然存在最严重的有毒元素污染，铅（Pb）、镍（Ni）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、汞（Hg）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、硒（Se）、钡（Ba）、锌（Zn）、钴（Co）、锰（Mn）、双酚A、邻苯二甲酸盐、对羟基苯甲酸酯、偶氮染料和阻燃剂在这些物品中的存在一直被视为一项挑战。最后，这篇综述提供了不同国家各类儿童玩具和珠宝中有毒元素浓度的基准。
