Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Oct 15;843:157094. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157094. Epub 2022 Jun 30.
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are synthetic chemicals that are produced at high volumes and have a global presence. CPs are generally divided into three groups based on their carbon chain lengths: short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs, C), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs, C). SCCPs have been formally recognized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and have been listed under the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Concerns about increases in MCCP and LCCP production as replacements for SCCP products are rising, given their similar properties to SCCPs and the fact that they remain relatively understudied with only a few reported measurements in air. Passive air samplers with polyurethane foam disks (PUF-PAS), which have been successfully applied to SCCPs, provide an opportunity to expand the existing body of data on MCCP and LCCP air concentrations, as they are inexpensive and require little maintenance. The uptake of MCCPs and LCCPs by PUF disk samplers is characterized in this paper based on newly derived PUF-air partitioning coefficients using COSMOtherm. The ability of PUF disk samplers to capture both gas-phase and particle fractions is important because MCCPs and LCCPs have reduced volatility compared to SCCPs and therefore are mainly associated with particulate matter in air. In addition, due to their use as additives in plastics and rubber products, they are associated with micro- and nanoplastics, which are considered to be potential vectors for the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of these chemicals. The review has highlighted other limitations to reporting of MCCPs and LCCPs in air, including the lack of suitable analytical standards and the requirement for advanced analytical methods to detect and resolve these complex mixtures. Overall, this review indicates that further research is needed in many areas for medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in order to better understand their occurrence, transport and fate in air.
短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）被正式确认为持久性有机污染物（POPs），并被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》POPs 清单。由于其与 SCCPs 具有相似的性质，而且由于仅对空气进行了少量报告测量，因此对 MCCP 和 LCCP 生产作为 SCCP 产品替代品的担忧日益增加。使用聚氨酯泡沫盘（PUF-PAS）的被动空气采样器已成功应用于 SCCPs，为扩大有关 MCCP 和 LCCP 空气浓度的现有数据提供了机会，因为它们价格低廉且维护要求低。本文根据 COSMOtherm 新推导出的 PUF-空气分配系数，对 PUF 盘采样器对 MCCP 和 LCCP 的吸收情况进行了描述。PUF 盘采样器能够捕获气相和颗粒相的能力很重要，因为与 SCCPs 相比，MCCPs 和 LCCPs 的挥发性降低，因此主要与空气中的颗粒物有关。此外，由于它们被用作塑料和橡胶制品的添加剂，因此与微塑料和纳米塑料有关，而微塑料和纳米塑料被认为是这些化学物质长程大气传输（LRAT）的潜在载体。该综述还强调了报告空气中的 MCCPs 和 LCCPs 存在的其他限制，包括缺乏合适的分析标准以及需要先进的分析方法来检测和解析这些复杂混合物。总的来说，该综述表明，为了更好地了解中链和长链氯化石蜡在空气中的存在、传输和归宿，需要在许多领域进行进一步的研究。
