From the Department of Psychology (Rocha, Irwin, Fuligni), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles California; Department of Human Development and Family Studies (Almeida), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychology (Chiang), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (Cole, Irwin, Fuligni), and Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine (Seeman), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
Psychosom Med. 2022 Sep 1;84(7):848-855. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001104. Epub 2022 Jun 29.
This study aimed to investigate the associations between indices of family socioeconomic status and sleep during adolescence and to examine whether measures of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning mediate the observed associations.
A total of 350 ethnically diverse adolescents (57% female; mean [standard deviation] age wave 1 = 16.4 [0.7] years) completed a three-wave longitudinal study in which sleep and cortisol data were collected at 2-year time intervals. Sleep duration, latency, and variability were assessed via actigraphy during a period of 8 days per study wave. Salivary cortisol was collected across 3 days per study wave to assess cortisol diurnal slope, area under the curve, and the cortisol awakening response. Adolescents' caregivers reported their education levels, family income, and economic hardship.
A greater family income-to-needs ratio was associated with longer adolescent sleep duration ( b = 2.90, p = .023), whereas greater parental education was associated with shorter sleep duration ( b = -3.70, p = .030), less sleep latency ( b = -0.74, p = .016), and less variability across days ( b = -2.06, p = .010). Diurnal cortisol slope statistically mediated the association of parental education with sleep duration ( b = -0.48, 95% confidence interval = -1.099 to -0.042), but not the association of income-to-needs ratio with sleep duration.
Findings suggest that parental education and family resources may have unique impacts upon sleep and HPA axis functioning during the period of adolescence. Future research is needed to examine family and behavioral factors that may underlie socioeconomic status associations with adolescent sleep and HPA axis functioning.
本研究旨在探讨家庭社会经济地位指数与青少年睡眠之间的关系，并检验下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴功能的测量是否能解释观察到的相关性。
共有 350 名不同种族的青少年（女性占 57%；第 1 波平均[标准差]年龄=16.4[0.7]岁）完成了一项三波纵向研究，其中在 2 年的时间间隔内收集了睡眠和皮质醇数据。在每一波研究中，通过活动记录仪评估了 8 天的睡眠持续时间、潜伏期和变异性。在每一波研究中，通过 3 天收集唾液皮质醇，以评估皮质醇昼夜斜率、曲线下面积和皮质醇觉醒反应。青少年的照顾者报告了他们的教育水平、家庭收入和经济困难。
家庭收入与需求的比率与青少年的睡眠时间较长相关（b=2.90，p=0.023），而父母的教育水平与睡眠时间较短相关（b=-3.70，p=0.030）、睡眠潜伏期较短（b=-0.74，p=0.016）和日间变异性较小（b=-2.06，p=0.010）。皮质醇昼夜斜率在统计学上中介了父母教育与睡眠时间的关系（b=-0.48，95%置信区间=-1.099 至-0.042），但收入与需求的比率与睡眠时间的关系则不是。
研究结果表明，父母教育和家庭资源可能对青少年时期的睡眠和 HPA 轴功能有独特的影响。未来的研究需要检查家庭和行为因素，这些因素可能是社会经济地位与青少年睡眠和 HPA 轴功能之间关系的基础。
