The immune checkpoint ICOSLG is a relapse-predicting biomarker and therapeutic target in infant t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The most frequent genetic aberration leading to infant ALL (iALL) is the chromosomal translocation t(4;11), generating the fusion oncogenes : and :, respectively. -r iALL displays a dismal prognosis through high relapse rates and relapse-associated mortality. Relapse occurs frequently despite ongoing chemotherapy and without the accumulation of secondary mutations. A rational explanation for the observed chemo-resistance and satisfactory treatment options remain to be elucidated. We found that elevated expression level at diagnosis was associated with inferior event free survival (EFS) in a cohort of 43 patients with t(4;-11) iALL and that a cohort of 18 patients with iALL at relapse displayed strongly increased ICOSLG expression. Furthermore, co-culturing t(4;11) ALL cells (ICOSLG) with primary T-cells resulted in the development of T. This was impaired through treatment with a neutralizing ICOSLG antibody. These findings imply ICOSLG (1) as a relapse-predicting biomarker, and (2) as a therapeutic target involved in a potential immune evasion relapse-mechanism of infant t(4;11) ALL.