School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
Cladistics. 2022 Oct;38(5):582-594. doi: 10.1111/cla.12512. Epub 2022 Jul 8.
The Cenozoic Indian-Eurasian collision and uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) are among the most important geological events in the world. They have affected the diversification of regional biota of many taxonomic groups on and around the HTP. However, the exact timing and model of the collision and uplift events and speciation on and around the HTP are still in debate. The Himalayas group of Scytodes spitting spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae) are distributed at high elevations of the HTP and northern Indochina. Here, we reconstruct a dated molecular phylogeny for pan-Himalayan Scytodes spiders, including the Himalayas group, with full geographical sampling of the species from the HTP and Indochina. We test a hypothesis to explain that the rich montane biodiversity of the region is uplift-driven diversification-that orogeny drives rapid in situ speciation of the resident Scytodes lineages. Our findings revealed that the separation of the Himalayas clade from the Myanmar clade took place during the middle Oligocene, reflecting the final collision of India with Eurasia. The deep divergences among three clades (the Himalayas, the Myanmar and the Indochina clades) occurred from the middle Eocene to the middle Oligocene, corresponding to two early uplift events of the HTP. The evolutionary split between the Himalayas + Myanmar and Indochina clades were simultaneous with the rapid lateral extrusion of Indochina by the initial Himalayan uplift around the Eocene. This study highlights the importance of the diversification of dispersal-limited, high-elevation invertebrates as independent lines of evidence to reflect key tectonic events in the Himalayan-Indochina region, supporting the stepwise model for the Indian-Eurasian collision and uplift of HTP.
新生代印度-欧亚大陆碰撞和喜马拉雅-青藏高原（HTP）隆升是世界上最重要的地质事件之一。它们影响了 HTP 及其周围地区许多分类群的区域生物多样性的多样化。然而，碰撞和隆升事件以及 HTP 及其周围地区物种形成的确切时间和模型仍存在争议。喜马拉雅刺蜘蛛（Scytodes spitting spiders，Araneae：Scytodidae）分布在 HTP 和北印度支那的高海拔地区。在这里，我们构建了一个包含喜马拉雅刺蜘蛛的有时间分辨率的分子系统发育，包括喜马拉雅组，对来自 HTP 和印度支那的物种进行了全面的地理采样。我们测试了一个假设来解释该地区丰富的山地生物多样性是由隆升驱动的多样化，即造山运动驱动了驻留 Scytodes 谱系的快速原地物种形成。我们的研究结果表明，喜马拉雅支系与缅甸支系的分离发生在中始新世，反映了印度与欧亚大陆的最终碰撞。三个支系（喜马拉雅支系、缅甸支系和印度支那支系）之间的深分歧发生在中始新世到中渐新世，与 HTP 的两次早期隆升事件相对应。喜马拉雅+缅甸和印度支那支系之间的进化分裂与初始喜马拉雅隆升引起的印度支那的快速侧向挤出同时发生，大约发生在始新世。本研究强调了扩散受限的高海拔无脊椎动物多样性的重要性，它们是反映喜马拉雅-印度支那地区关键构造事件的独立证据，支持印度-欧亚大陆碰撞和 HTP 隆升的逐步模型。
