Worsens Induced-Sepsis in a Mouse Model with Low Dose Dextran Sulfate Solution through Gut Dysbiosis and Enhanced Inflammation.

is an opportunistic pathogen and a commensal organism that is possibly enhanced in several conditions with gut dysbiosis, and frequently detectable together with overgrowth. Here, with or without was daily orally administered for 3 months in 0.8% dextran sulfate solution-induced mucositis mice and also tested . As such, worsened DSS-colitis as demonstrated by mortality, leaky gut (FITC-dextran assay, bacteremia, endotoxemia, and serum beta-glucan), gut dysbiosis (increased Deferribacteres from fecal microbiome analysis), liver pathology (histopathology), liver apoptosis (activated caspase 3), and cytokines (in serum and in the internal organs) when compared with administered DSS mice. The combination of heat-killed plus mildly facilitated inflammation in enterocytes (Caco-2), hepatocytes (HepG2), and THP-1-derived macrophages as indicated by supernatant cytokines or the gene expression. The addition of heat-killed into preparations upregulated , reduced (an intestinal tight junction molecule), and worsened enterocyte integrity (transepithelial electrical resistance) in Caco-2 and enhanced and (apoptosis genes) in HepG2 when compared with heat-killed alone. In conclusion, enhanced enterocyte inflammation (partly through upregulation and gut dysbiosis) that induced gut translocation of endotoxin and beta-glucan causing hyper-inflammatory responses, especially in hepatocytes and macrophages.