Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022 Sep;69(5):e3015-e3023. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14656. Epub 2022 Jul 22.
Wild reservoirs of Japanese encephalitis virus are under-studied globally, which presents critical knowledge gaps for JEV epidemiology and infection ecology despite decades of received wisdom regarding this high-impact mosquito-borne virus. As a result, ardeid birds, generally understood to be the primary reservoirs for JEV, as well as other waterbirds occupying landscapes at high risk for spillover to humans, are frequently ignored by current surveillance mechanisms and infrastructure. This is particularly true in India, which experiences a high annual burden of human outbreaks. Incorporating wild reservoirs into surveillance of human and livestock populations is therefore essential but will first require a data-driven approach to target individual host species. The current study sought to identify preliminary waterbird target species for JEV surveillance development based on species' distributions in high-risk landscapes. Twenty-one target species were identified after adjusting species presence and abundance for the biotic constraints of sympatry. Furthermore, ardeid bird species richness demonstrated a strong non-linear association with the distribution of human JEV outbreaks, which suggested areas with the highest ardeid species richness corresponded to low JEV outbreak risk. No association was identified between JEV outbreaks and anatid or rallid richness. The lack of association between Anatidae and Rallidae family-level diversity and JEV outbreak risk notwithstanding, this study did identify several individual species among these two bird families in high-risk landscapes. The findings from this work provide the first data-driven evidence base to inform wildlife sampling for the monitoring of JEV circulation in outbreak hotspots in India and thus identify good preliminary targets for the development of One Health JEV surveillance.
全球对日本脑炎病毒的野生动物宿主研究不足，尽管人们对这种具有高影响力的蚊媒病毒已有数十年的了解，但这仍导致了关键的知识空白。因此，通常被认为是日本脑炎病毒主要宿主的涉禽以及其他在高风险环境中易发生溢出感染人类的水鸟，经常被当前的监测机制和基础设施所忽略。这在印度尤为如此，印度每年都有大量的人类疫情爆发。因此，将野生动物宿主纳入对人类和牲畜种群的监测至关重要，但首先需要采用一种数据驱动的方法来针对单个宿主物种。本研究旨在根据高风险景观中的物种分布，确定用于日本脑炎病毒监测开发的初步水鸟目标物种。在调整了物种共存的生物限制后，确定了 21 种目标物种。此外，涉禽物种丰富度与人类日本脑炎病毒疫情的分布呈强烈的非线性关联，这表明物种丰富度最高的地区与低日本脑炎病毒疫情风险相对应。未发现日本脑炎病毒疫情与鸭科或秧鸡科丰富度之间存在关联。尽管鸭科和秧鸡科的多样性与日本脑炎病毒疫情风险之间没有关联，但本研究确实在这两个鸟类科中确定了高风险景观中的几个特定物种。这项工作的结果提供了第一个基于数据的证据基础，用于指导印度疫情热点地区监测日本脑炎病毒循环的野生动物采样，从而为制定“同一健康”日本脑炎病毒监测提供了良好的初步目标。
