Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
East Mediterr Health J. 2022 Jun 29;28(6):434-443. doi: 10.26719/emhj.22.042.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a ubiquitous pathogen that is increasing in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It is implicated in a wide range of infections, from superficial skin infections to lifethreatening syndromes. MRSA has moved beyond healthcare facilities, affecting individuals in the community without substantial risk factors.
To review the prevalence and molecular characterization of MRSA in GCC countries during 2011-2021.
We comprehensively searched PubMed using the following keywords: MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, GCC, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, UAE, prevalence, and molecular characterization for articles published after 2011.
Thirty-nine of 111 articles examined, fulfilled the purpose of this review. Most studies were in Kuwait (44%), Saudi Arabia (28%) and United Arab Emirates (10%). Studies from other GCC countries were sporadic. Several studies demonstrated a clear emergence in antibiotic resistance especially against fusidic acid, ciprofloxacin and clindamycin. Regional prevalence of MRSA is reported as 25-35%, with clear dominance of community-acquired (CA)-MRSA. Panton- Valentine leucocidin (PVL)-producing strains accounted for 35-45%, with clear association with CA-MRSA emergence, but there were some sporadic reports of incorporation of PVL in healthcare-associated (HA)-MRSA. The reported dominant strains included EUST80, USA1100 and WA-MRSA-51. Novel strains are more likely to produce PVL and show fusidic acid resistance.
There is a need for national and regional MRSA surveillance programmes, especially with the emergence of strains that require no underlying risk factors to cause illness, as well as the propagation of chimeric resistance elements in both HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA.
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是一种普遍存在的病原体，在海湾合作委员会（GCC）国家呈上升趋势。它与从皮肤浅层感染到危及生命的综合征等各种感染有关。MRSA 已经超越了医疗机构，影响到社区中没有明显危险因素的个体。
回顾 2011-2021 年期间 GCC 国家 MRSA 的流行情况和分子特征。
我们使用以下关键词在 PubMed 上进行了全面搜索：MRSA、金黄色葡萄球菌、GCC、科威特、沙特阿拉伯、巴林、阿曼、卡塔尔、阿联酋、流行情况和分子特征，以搜索 2011 年后发表的文章。
在 111 篇文章中，有 39 篇符合本综述的目的。大多数研究来自科威特（44%）、沙特阿拉伯（28%）和阿拉伯联合酋长国（10%）。来自其他 GCC 国家的研究则较为零散。一些研究表明，抗生素耐药性明显增加，特别是对夫西地酸、环丙沙星和克林霉素。报告的 MRSA 区域流行率为 25-35%，社区获得性（CA）-MRSA 明显占主导地位。产 Panton-Valentine 白细胞毒素（PVL）的菌株占 35-45%，与 CA-MRSA 的出现有明显关联，但也有一些散在的关于医源性获得性（HA）-MRSA 中整合 PVL 的报告。报道的主要菌株包括 EUST80、USA1100 和 WA-MRSA-51。新型菌株更有可能产生 PVL 并表现出对夫西地酸的耐药性。
需要建立国家和地区性的 MRSA 监测计划，特别是在出现不需要潜在危险因素即可致病的菌株以及在 HA-MRSA 和 CA-MRSA 中传播嵌合耐药元件的情况下。
