North Carolina's Changing Energy Generation Profile and Reductions in Key Air Pollutants, 2000-2019.

Coal combustion releases a number of airborne toxins. The North Carolina Clean Smokestacks Act (CSA) of 2002 required North Carolina coal-fired power plants (CFPP) to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO) emissions by 2009 and sulfur dioxide (SO) emissions to 2 benchmarks by 2009 and 2013. We utilized publicly available databases from the Energy Information Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency to characterize North Carolina's electricity generation profile from 2000 until 2019 and evaluate corresponding NO and SO emissions by sector over the same time period. Between 2000 and 2008 in North Carolina, approximately 60% of electric power was generated by CFPPs. Since then, North Carolina's electric power generation has transformed from predominant dependence on coal to approximately equal dependence on natural gas and nuclear power (each at ~ 30%), with coal close behind (~ 25%). Renewables have increased, although marginally relative to the rapid increase in natural gas. Despite the stark drop in reliance on CFPPs for energy in North Carolina and subsequent drop in emissions, CFPPs still contribute ~ 60% of SO air pollution as of 2017. This analysis relies upon electricity generation and emissions data self-reported by utilities and publicly available from federal agencies North Carolina's electric utilities met the 2009 and 2013 regulatory benchmarks set by the CSA, which resulted in substantial reductions in SO emissions from the fuel combustion electric generation sector. Still, CFPPs remain the primary utility-related and overall anthropogenic contributor of SO air pollution in North Carolina.