Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
Trends Ecol Evol. 2022 Oct;37(10):911-925. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.06.007. Epub 2022 Jul 8.
The landscape of fear (LOF) concept posits that prey navigate spatial heterogeneity in perceived predation risk, balancing risk mitigation against other activities necessary for survival and reproduction. These proactive behavioral responses to risk can affect individual fitness, population dynamics, species interactions, and coexistence. Yet, antipredator responses in free-ranging prey often contradict expectations, raising questions about the generality and scalability of the LOF framework and suggesting that a purely spatial, static LOF conceptualization may be inadequate. Here, we outline a 'dynamic' LOF framework that explicitly incorporates time to account for predictable spatiotemporal variation in risk-resource trade-offs. This integrated approach suggests novel predictions about predator effects on prey behaviors to refine understanding of the role predators play in ecological communities.
恐惧景观（LOF）概念认为，猎物在感知捕食风险的空间异质性中进行导航，在减轻风险和生存繁殖所需的其他活动之间进行平衡。这些针对风险的主动行为反应会影响个体适应性、种群动态、物种相互作用和共存。然而，自由生活的猎物的抗捕食反应往往与预期相悖，这引发了关于 LOF 框架的普遍性和可扩展性的问题，并表明纯粹的空间、静态的 LOF 概念化可能是不够的。在这里，我们概述了一个“动态”的 LOF 框架，该框架明确纳入了时间，以解释风险-资源权衡的可预测时空变化。这种综合方法对捕食者对猎物行为的影响提出了新的预测，从而深化了对捕食者在生态群落中所扮演角色的理解。
