Michigan State University, Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
University of Otago, Department of Public Health, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
Health Place. 2022 Jul;76:102861. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102861. Epub 2022 Jul 10.
Children's exposure to the marketing of harmful products in public outdoor spaces may influence their consumption of those products and affect health into adulthood. This study aimed to: i) examine the spatial distribution of children's exposure to three types of marketing-related 'harms' (alcohol, unhealthy food, and gambling) in outdoor spaces in the Wellington region, New Zealand/Aotearoa; ii) compare differences in the distribution of harms by socioeconomic deprivation; and iii) estimate the effectiveness of different policies that ban such marketing. Data were from 122 children aged 11-13y who wore wearable cameras and GPS devices for four consecutive days from July 2014 to June 2015. Images were analysed to identify harmful product marketing exposures in public outdoor spaces. Eight policy scenarios were examined to identify the effectiveness of marketing bans, for all children and by socioeconomic deprivation. Children's ratio of harmful marketing was higher for children from high deprivation households and was also found to cluster, with hots spots observed around city centers. The effectiveness of marketing bans depended on the target setting and ban area, with banning 400 m around bus stops leading to the largest reduction. Effectiveness varied also by type of harm and socioeconomic deprivation. For example, banning alcohol marketing in residential areas was estimated to have a larger effect on exposure reduction for children from high deprivation households. Our findings suggest that alcohol, unhealthy food and gambling marketing often cluster outdoors and that targeted bans of such marketing would likely improve child health and, for some banning scenarios, promote equity.
儿童在公共户外空间接触有害产品营销可能会影响他们对这些产品的消费，并影响成年后的健康。本研究旨在：i）检测新西兰惠灵顿地区儿童在户外空间接触三种与营销相关的“危害”（酒精、不健康食品和赌博）的空间分布；ii）比较危害在社会经济剥夺方面的分布差异；iii）估计禁止此类营销的不同政策的有效性。数据来自于 122 名 11-13 岁的儿童，他们在 2014 年 7 月至 2015 年 6 月期间连续四天佩戴可穿戴相机和 GPS 设备。分析图像以识别公共户外空间中有害产品营销的暴露情况。研究考察了八种政策情景，以确定对所有儿童和社会经济剥夺程度的营销禁令的有效性。来自高剥夺家庭的儿童受到的有害营销的比例更高，而且也发现了聚集现象，市中心周围观察到热点。营销禁令的有效性取决于目标设定和禁令区域，禁止在公共汽车站周围 400 米范围内进行营销活动，预计会导致最大的减少。有效性还因危害类型和社会经济剥夺程度而异。例如，禁止在住宅区进行酒精营销，估计对高剥夺家庭的儿童的暴露减少有更大的影响。我们的研究结果表明，酒精、不健康食品和赌博营销经常在户外聚集，有针对性地禁止此类营销可能会改善儿童健康，并在某些禁止方案中促进公平。
