Department for Fish Diseases, Thuenen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Bremerhaven, Germany.
Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Department of Biodiversity, Nature Protection & Wildlife Management, Freising, Germany.
J Fish Biol. 2022 Oct;101(4):780-796. doi: 10.1111/jfb.15163. Epub 2022 Sep 7.
Temperature is an important environmental modulator of teleost immune activity. Susceptibility of teleosts to temperature variation depends on the species-specific adaptive temperature range, and the activity of the teleost immune system is generally temperature-dependent. Similar to many physiological and metabolic traits of ectotherms, temperature modulates the activity of immune traits. At low temperatures, acquired immunity of many teleost species is down-modulated, and their immuno-competence mainly depends on innate immunity. At intermediate temperatures, both innate and acquired immunity are fully active and provide optimal protection, including long-lasting immunological memory. When temperatures increase and reach the upper permissive range, teleost immunity is compromised. Moreover, temperature shifts may have negative effects on teleost immune functions, in particular if shifts occur rapidly with high amplitudes. On the contrary, short-term temperature increase may help teleost immunity to fight against pathogens transiently. A major challenge to teleosts therefore is to maintain immuno-competence throughout the temperature range they are exposed to. Climate change coincides with rising temperatures, and more frequent and more extreme temperature shifts. Both are likely to influence the immuno-competence of teleosts. Nonetheless, teleosts exist in habitats that differ substantially in temperature, ranging from below zero in the Arctic's to above 40°C in warm springs, illustrating their enormous potential to adapt to different temperature regimes. The present review seeks to discuss how changes in temperature variation, induced by climate change, might influence teleost immunity.
温度是调节鱼类免疫活性的重要环境因素。鱼类对温度变化的敏感性取决于其特定的适应温度范围，而鱼类的免疫系统活性通常与温度有关。与许多变温动物的生理和代谢特征相似，温度调节着免疫特征的活性。在低温下，许多鱼类的获得性免疫被下调，其免疫能力主要依赖于先天免疫。在中等温度下，先天免疫和获得性免疫都充分活跃，并提供最佳保护，包括持久的免疫记忆。当温度升高并达到允许的上限时，鱼类的免疫力就会受到损害。此外，温度变化可能对鱼类的免疫功能产生负面影响，特别是如果温度变化幅度大且迅速。相反，短期的温度升高可能有助于鱼类的免疫系统暂时抵抗病原体。因此，鱼类面临的主要挑战是在其所处的温度范围内保持免疫能力。气候变化伴随着温度的升高，以及更频繁和更极端的温度变化。这两者都可能影响鱼类的免疫能力。尽管如此，鱼类存在于温度差异很大的栖息地中，从北极的零下温度到温泉的 40°C 以上，这说明了它们适应不同温度范围的巨大潜力。本综述旨在讨论气候变化引起的温度变化如何影响鱼类的免疫。
